Table D.9: Summary of welfare consequences, ABMs, hazards and preventive measures in in systems keeping calves from weaning to 6 months in fully or partly littered group pens

Welfare consequence	ABM	Hazard	Preventive measure of the hazard
Respiratory disorders	Rectal Temperature Respiratory sounds at lung auscultation Coughing Nasal discharge Ocular discharge	Stress caused by weaning, long distant transport or other stressful events Separation from dam or herd Commingling of unfamiliar animals as well as regrouping familiar animals after a period of separation Lack of ventilation, high temperature‐humidity index and overstocking Poor quality of bedding	Reduce stress factors (i.e. transport, mutilations, changes in group composition) Keep calves in small and stable groups Ensure good colostrum management and feeding of calves and establish integrated vaccination programs Appropriate ventilation to avoid high ammonia or dust concentrations. Adequate temperature‐humidity index
Inability to perform exploratory or foraging behaviour	Non‐nutritive oral manipulation Tongue flicks Tongue rolling	Barren environments Concentrated diets Low feeding frequency/duration	Provide relevant enrichment, e.g. rubbing fixtures (brushes), enrichment objects, bedding Increase fibre content of diet to increase foraging Make animals work for their feed, e.g. straw rack, and increase feeding frequency Provide access to an outdoor area and pasture
Group stress	Aggressive interactions with physical contact	Low space allowance Regrouping Low feed place:animal ratio	Individual feeding places Avoid competition for milk Avoid regrouping Sufficient space for lying