Table D.11: Summary of welfare consequences, ABMs, hazards and preventive measures in systems keeping calves from weaning to 6 months in outdoor feedlots

Welfare consequence	ABM	Hazard	Preventive measure of the hazard
Respiratory disorders	Rectal Temperature Respiratory sounds at lung auscultation Coughing Nasal discharge Ocular discharge	Heat stress Poor colostrum management Lack of bedding, especially in cold environments Stressful events Proximity to older animals	Reduce stress factors (i.e. transport, mutilations, changes in group composition) Ensure good colostrum management and feeding of calves and establish integrated vaccination programs Keep calves in small and stable groups of similar age and size Adequate temperature‐humidity index
Heat stress	Respiration rate or panting Body temperature Open mouth breathing Sweating	High temperature‐humidity index, high solar radiation and low wind speed. Lack of shade especially at the hotter times of the day. Lack of access to cold water, insufficient number water points	Provision of shades and covered pen areas Provision of sufficient water points and amount
Resting problems	Number of lying bouts Time spent in lateral recumbency	Lack of bedding lying area Low space allowances	Higher space allowance Provision of bedded lying area and shelter