Table D.1: Summary of welfare consequences, ABMs, hazards and preventive measures in individual housing in dairy farms

Welfare consequence	ABM	Hazard	Preventive or corrective measures of the hazard
Restriction of movement	Slipping Falling Galloping in unrestricted conditions	Low space allowance Slatted or slippery floors	Rubber flooring or provision of bedding on a solid/drained floor Increase space allowance
Isolation stress	Response to standard social approach test Fear response	Individual housing	Group housing with other calves, and/or keeping contact with the dam
Inability to perform sucking behaviour	Sucking of pen fixtures Cross‐sucking Loss of hair and inflammation of skin in the muzzle/ears area	Offering milk in open buckets Offering low milk allowances Low dry matter intake and negative energy balance during weaning Removing teat buckets too soon after the milk ration is ingested Breed Separation from dam	Offering the milk via a teat Increase amount of milk Increase milk feeding frequency Stepwise weaning based on solid feed intake Dam or foster cow rearing
Inability to perform play behaviour	No suitable ABMs of individual pens (see text)	Low space allowances and lack of partner(s) to perform social play Disease, injury, malnutrition Slippery surfaces and dark environments Cold weather Frightening stimuli	Increase space allowance Environmental changes such as the provision of straw, or other environmental stimuli may stimulate play Provide solid, non‐slip surface
Prolonged hunger	Body condition score Number of vocalisations Restlessness, i.e. increased activity and decreased lying	Low amount of milk especially before 4 weeks of age Low amount or quality of solid feed (depending on age; at weaning) Low frequency of milk feeding Weaning strategy and age Insufficient amount and quality of the solid feed	Provide more frequent opportunities to feed, ideally closer to natural feeding pattern Milk feeding corresponding to 20% of body weight until 4 weeks of age Provide feed in amounts and in types that meet not only nutrient requirements but also feelings of satiety
Gastroenteric disorders	Presence of diarrhoea Hair loss in the perineum and hind legs Bloat	Poor colostrum management Poor hygiene including bedding, teats, buckets; poor biosecurity Proximity to older animals Inadequate positioned or conceived bucket or teat Poor quality milk replacers High stocking rates	Vaccination of pregnant cows Ensure sufficient (10–12% body weight) and timely (up to 6 h post partum) colostrum intake of high quality Strict hygiene measures Routine (twice daily) monitoring of calves to detect early cases.
Inability to perform exploratory or foraging behaviour	Non‐nutritive oral manipulation Tongue flicks Tongue rolling	Barren environments Concentrated diets Low feeding frequency/duration	Provide relevant enrichment, e.g. rubbing fixtures (brushes), enrichment objects, bedding Increase fibre content of diet to increase foraging Make animals work for their feed, e.g. straw rack, and increase feeding frequency Provide access to an outdoor area and pasture
Respiratory disorders	Coughing Respiratory sounds at lung auscultation Rectal temperature Nasal discharge Ocular discharge	Poor colostrum management Poor ventilation Lack of bedding, especially in cold environments Stressful events Proximity to older animals	Reduce stress factors (i.e. transport, mutilations, changes in group composition) Ensure good colostrum management and feeding of calves and establish integrated vaccination programs Appropriate ventilation to avoid high ammonia or dust concentrations and adequate temperature‐humidity index Keep calves in small and stable groups