Table D.2: Summary of welfare consequences, ABMs, hazards and preventive measures in individual pens in veal farms

Welfare consequence	ABM	Hazard	Preventive measure of the hazard
Restriction of movement	Slipping Falling	Low space allowance Slatted or slippery floors	Increased space allowance Rubber flooring or provision of bedding on a solid/drained floor
Isolation stress	Response to standard social approach test Fear response	Individual housing Narrow size and position of openings between individual pen preventing contact between calves	Group housing with other calves
Inability to perform play behaviour	No suitable ABMs of individual pens (see text)	Low space allowances and lack of partner(s) to perform social play Disease, injury, malnutrition Slippery surfaces and dark environments Cold weather Frightening stimuli	Increase space allowance Environmental changes such as the provision of straw, or other environmental stimuli may stimulate play Provide solid, non‐slip surface
Inability to perform sucking behaviour	Sucking of pen fixtures Loss of hair and inflammation of skin in the navel area Cross‐sucking	Offering milk in open buckets or a trough Absence of dry teats (rubber teats) to direct sucking behaviour towards	Offering the milk via a teat, for instance in a teat bucket Increase amount of milk Gradual weaning based on solid feed intake Dam or foster cow rearing
Inability to perform exploratory or foraging behaviour	Non‐nutritive oral manipulation Tongue flicks Tongue rolling	Barren environment Concentrated diets Low frequency and duration of feeding	Provide relevant enrichment, e.g. brushes and enrichment objects Provide roughage to increase foraging Increase fibre content of diet to increase foraging Make animals ‘work’ for their feed, e.g. pulling roughage out of rack, and increase feeding frequency Provide access to an outdoor area and pasture
Respiratory disorders	Coughing Nasal and ocular discharge Rectal temperature above 39.7°C Respiratory sounds at lung auscultation	Large groups Close proximity in the same room of calves originating from different farms and sharing the same air space Long distance transport Poor ventilation and air quality in closed barns High concentration of noxious gases	Avoid stress‐inducing events, such as long and repeated transport Avoid contact between calves from multiple farm origins Ensure appropriate ventilation to avoid high ammonia or dust concentrations
Gastroenteric disorders	Diarrhoea Hair loss in the perineum and hind legs Bloat	Low frequency of large milk meals combined with little structure in the solid feed. Stressful events, such as transport to the veal farm Changes in the diet Concentrated diets with small particle size and low abrasive value High concentrate/fibre ratio	Feed milk in multiple (> 3) smaller meals with a teat allowing for normal extension of the neck. Diet with a high concentrate/fibre ratio Minimise commingling. Vaccination of the dams
Resting problems	Number of lying bouts Time spent in lateral recumbency	Slatted floor Wet floor Low space allowance per animal Low or high temperature	Provide bedding or, if not possible, slats with a rubber cover Provide large space allowances Group housing during winter can reduce cold stress and promote adoption of relaxed lying postures for resting Appropriate temperature and humidity to provide suitable thermal comfort