Table 1.
Effects of antidepressants on the composition of gut microbiota and its metabolites.
| Antidepressant drugs | Effect on α-diversity | Effect on β-diversity | Decreased taxa | Increased taxa | Involved metabolites |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SSRIs antidepressants | |||||
| Paroxetine | Faith's PD↓62 | Significant65 | p_Firmicutes,62 c_Vampirivibrionia,65 o_Clostridia UCG-014,65 o_Clostridiales,65 o_Gastranaerophilales,65 f_Clostridia UCG-014,65 f_Clostridiaceae,65 f_Gastranaerophilales,65 g_Clostridia UCG-014,65 g_Clostridium sensu stricto 1,65 g_Acetatifactor,65 g_Papillibacter65 | p_Bacteroidetes,62 f_Enterococcaceae,65 g_Erysipelatoclostridium,65 g_Faecalibaculum,65 g_Enterococcus,65 g_Frisingicoccus,65 g_Lachnospiraceae UCG-001,65 g_Anaerotroncus,65 g_Paludicola,65 s_Eubacterium ramulus,69 s_Streptococcus salivarius69 | Bile acids,62 neuroactive steroids65 |
| Sertraline | NA | NA | s_Staphylococcus aureus,67 s_Bacillus subtilus,67 s_Escherichia coli,67 s_Shigella dysenteriae,67 s_Salmonella spp.,67 s_Vibrio cholerae,67 s_Candida albicans,67 s_Candida tropicalis,67 s_Candida parapsilosis,67 s_Aspergillus spp.,67 s_Corynebacterium urealyticum67 | NA | NA |
| Citalopram | NA | NA | g_Akkermansia,66 s_Escherichia coli,60 s_Eubacterium rectale,60 s_Faecalibacterium prausnitzii,60 s_Pseudomonas aeruginosa60 | NA | 5-HT and 5-HIAA66 |
| Escitalopram | Ace↑,64 Faith's PD↓73 | Significant64,73 | p_Firmicutes,68 s_Escherichia coli,60 s_Lactobacillus rhamnosus,60 s_Pseudomonas aeruginosa,67 s_Klebsiella pseumoniae,67 s_Proteus mirabilis,67 s_Enterobacter cloacae,67 s_Ruminococcus flavefaciens,73 s_Adlercreutzia equolifaciens73 | p_Bacteroidetes,68 g_Bilophila,73 g_Desulfovibrio,73 g_Christensenellaceae_R-7_group,68 g_[Eubacterium] _ruminantium_group,68 g_Fusobacterium68 | NA |
| Fluoxetine | Shannon↑,61 Faith's PD↓73 | Significant61,73 | p_Firmicutes,61 g_Prevotella,63 g_Ruminococcus,63 s_ Escherichia coli,60 s_Lactobacillus rhamnosus,60 s_Ruminococcus flavefaciens,73 s_Adlercreutzia equolifaciens,73 s_Candida albicans,60 s_Haemophilus influenzae,67 s_Moraxella catarrhales,67 s_Campylobacter jejuni,67 s_Aspergillus spp.,67 s_Candida parapsilosis67 | p_Bacteroidetes,61 f_Porphyromonadaceae,61 f_Mogibacteriaceae,73 g_Bacteroides,63 g_Parabacteroides,61 g_Butyricimonas,61 g_Alistipes,61 g_Acetatifactor,61 g_Candidatus_Arthromitus,73 | Amino acids, bile acids, and short-chain fatty acids63 |
| SNRIs antidepressants | |||||
| Venlafaxine | Faith's PD↓73 | Significant73 | s_ Escherichia coli,60 s_Lactobacillus rhamnosus,60 s_Pseudomonas aeruginosa,60 s_Ruminococcus flavefaciens,73 s_Adlercreutzia equolifaciens73 | NA | NA |
| Duloxetine | Faith's PD↓73 | Significant73 | s_Ruminococcus flavefaciens,73 s_Adlercreutzia equolifaciens73 | s_ Eubacterium rectale70 | NA |
| Tricyclic antidepressants | |||||
| Amitriptyline | Observed diversity↑61 | Significant61 | g_Ruminococcaceae_UCG-014,61 s_Staphylococcus spp.,60 s_Bacillus spp.,60 s_Vibrio cholerae,60,67 s_Klebsiella pneumoniae,67 s_Shigella spp.,67 s_Bacillus spp.,67 s_Salmonella spp.,67 s_Escherichia coli,67 s_Vibrio parahaemolyticus,67 s_Pseudomonas aeruginosa,67 s_Lactobacillus sporogenes,67 s_Citrobacter spp.,67 s_Cryptococcus spp.67 | f_Porphyromonadaceae,61 f_Bacteroidaceae,61 g_Bacteroides,61 g_Parabacteroides,61 g_Butyricimonas,61 g_Alistipes,61 g_Tyzzerella,61 g_Ruminiclostridium_161 | NA |
| Desipramine | NA | Significant73 | g_ Ruminococcus,60 g_ Adlercreutzia,60 s_Akkermansia muciniphila,60 s_Escherichia coli,60 s_Ruminococcus flavefaciens73 | F_Lactobacillaceae,73 g_Lactobacillus,73 g_Dorea73 | NA |
| Imipramine | NA | NA | s_Escherichia coli,60 s_Yersinia enterocolitica60 | NA | NA |
| Maprotiline | NA | NA | g_Francisella60 | NA | NA |
| Clomipramine | NA | NA | g_Francisella,60 s_ Francisella novicida60 | NA | NA |
| MAOIs antidepressants | |||||
| Phenelzine | NA | NA | s_Eubacterium rectale,60 s_Faecalibacterium prausnitzii,60 | NA | NA |
Notes: SSRIs, Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors; SNRIs, Serotonin and noradrenalin reuptake inhibitors; MAOIs, Monoamine oxidase inhibitors; PD, Phylogenetic diversity; 5-HT, 5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HIAA, 5-Hydroxyindole-3-acetic acid.
NA represents no data.