Table 1.
List of common targets of inflammation in NSCLC.
| Targets | Role in Lung Cancer Inflammation | References |
|---|---|---|
| Inflammatory cells | ||
| Neutrophils | Release proteases which degrade Tsp-1 and promotes tumor metastasis | [40] |
| Macrophages | Generate reactive oxygen and nitrogen intermediates, which induces DNA damage in proliferating cells, leading to neoplastic transformation | [15,21,33] |
| Myeloid derived suppressor cells (MDSC) | Degrade L-arginine, produce ROS, and secrete anti-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-10 and TGF-β, to suppress the activity of other immune cells | [29,30] |
| Gamma-delta (γδ) T cells | Produce and release IL-17 and other effector molecules, which promotes inflammation and tumor proliferation | [44] |
| Fibroblasts | Produce and release inflammatory cytokines, such as MCP-1 and IL-6, in the tumor microenvironment | [37] |
| Inflammatory cytokines | ||
| IL-1β | Increased IL-1β expression is linked to aggressive tumor biology and tumor invasiveness | [66] |
| IL-4 | ||
| IL-6 | Produced by macrophages, T-lymphocytes, B-lymphocytes, and monocytes and promotes tumor cell proliferation, angiogenesis invasion, and metastasis | [67] |
| IL-8 | Produced by endothelial cells, epithelial cells, and fibroblasts to promote angiogenesis, proliferation, and cancer cell invasion | [67] |
| IL-9 | Through its effects on tumor-infiltrating T cells and tumor cell survival, promotes immune escape of lung tumor cells | [68] |
| IL-13 | IL-13 has been linked to lung cancer metastasis and progression | [69] |
| IL-17C | Promotes tumorigenesis in Kras-driven lung cancer by inducing inflammation | [70] |
| CCL5 | CCL5 production changes the immune microenvironment and encourages tumor growth | [71] |
| HIF-1α | Key mediator of adaptation to hypoxic condition and promotes tumorigenesis via inflammation | [25] |
| TNF-α | Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) controls inflammation and tumor development in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) | [72] |
| Inflammatory gene expressions | ||
| ISOC1 | Participates in DNA damage repair and inflammation to promote lung cancer development | [73] |
| Ezh2 | Ezh2 inhibition amplifies inflammation in Kras-driven lung cancer | [74] |
| LRRK2 | Loss of LRRK2 promotes tumor initiation and size (tumorigenesis) | [75] |
| Signaling Proteins | ||
| NF-ĸB | Promotes tumor formation by inducing inflammation | [76] |
| JAK/STAT3 | [36] | |
| JNK1 | [76] | |