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. 2023 Mar 16;16(3):451. doi: 10.3390/ph16030451

Table 2.

List of existing drugs with anti-inflammation properties for NSCLC treatment.

Drug Mechanism of Action Initial Purpose Performance Remarks Reference
Statins
  • -

    Simvastatin

  • -

    Pravastatin

  • -

    Rosuvastatin

  • -

    Pitavastatin

  • -

    Atorvastatin

Inhibits 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG CoA) reductase To treat hypercholesterolemia In vivo—Atorvastatin showed better anti-inflammatory properties than simvastatin [108]
Thioridazine Inhibits IκBα protein degradation, NF-ĸB activation Anti-psychotic drug against schizophrenia In vivo—potent anti-inflammatory target specific drug [87]
Thalidomide Inhibits the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1α) To treat morning sickness in pregnant women In vivo—significant reduction in pro-inflammatory cytokines in pneumonia-induced acute lung inflammation [109]
Fingolimod (FTY720) Inhibits SphK/S1P signaling and S1PR3 in lung cancer metastasis To treat multiple sclerosis [110]
Anastrozole In combination with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (Aspirin) to reduce circulating Beta-estradiol, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and macrophages recruitment in a tobacco induced lung cancer model Hormone therapy In vivo—downregulation of SOX-2 expression in the lungs [102]
NSAIDS
  • -

    Aspirin

  • -

    Aspirin/Naproxen

  • -

    Sulindac Acid

  • -

    Amino salicylic acid

  • -

    Celecoxib

  • Downregulate COX-2 expression

  • Upregulation of bax expression and downregulation of bcl-2 expression

  • Degrade antiapoptotic protein bcl-XL

  • Increase ROS

  • Increase p53 gene expression

 To treat inflammation, antipyretic, analgesics [111]
Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor
  • -

    Imatinib mesylate

Inhibits LPS-induced production of TNF-a, IL-6, and IL-8, via inhibition of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-ĸB) To treat leukemias characterized by the presence of the Philadelphia chromosome. Recently, it has been proposed to treat inflammation linked to COVID-19 infection Significant decrease of NF-ĸB in chronic myelogenous leukemia patients [88,90]
H1 histamine antagonist
  • -

    Clemastine

Reduces NF-ĸB activity and TLR4 expression To treat allergy symptoms [89]
Phosphodiesterase Inhibitor
  • -

    Ibudilast

Inhibit NF-ĸB by preventing nuclear translocation To treat asthma and stroke [89]
Interleukin-6 inhibitors
  • -

    Sarilumab

  • -

    Tocilizumab

  • -

    Siltuximab

Monocolonal antibodies inhibit IL-6 receptor and IL-6 Treatment of inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and COVID-19 infection [95]
Interleukin-1 inhibitors
  • -

    Anakinra

  • -

    Rilonacept

  • -

    Canakinumab

Inhibits IL-1 directly or binds to IL-1 receptor [112]
HIF-1α inhibitors
  • -

    2ME2 NCD (panzem)

  • -

    17-AAG (tanespimycin)

  • -

    Vorinostat (SAHA, Zolinza)

  • -

    PT2385

  • -

    PT2977

  • -

    EZN-2208 (Pegylated SN-38)

  • -

    CRLX101

Inhibits HIF-1α by either inhibiting its production, promoting the degradation, interfering the signaling pathway, or direct binding [31]