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. 2023 Feb 24;21(3):149. doi: 10.3390/md21030149

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© 2023 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Changes in skin protein expression/contents of (A,A*) HMGB-1, (B) TLR-4, (C) NF-κB, (D) Nrf-2, and (E) HO-1 due to the application of standard, S. platensis gel, and nano-S. platensis gel (SPNP-gel); A* is the Western blot result for HMGB-1. The values are presented as mean (n = 8) ± SD and a statistical analysis was carried out using a one-way ANOVA, followed by Tukey’s post hoc multiple comparison test. As compared with control -ve (X), control +ve (Y), standard (Z), S. platensis gel (ϕ); p < 0.05. Abbreviations: HO-1—heme oxygenase-1, HMGB-1—high mobility group box-1, Nrf-2—nuclear factor erythroid-2, NF-κB—nuclear factor Kappa B, and TLR-4—toll-like receptor. Note: GpI/control negative (-ve): non-wounded rats; GpII/control positive (+ve): untreated wounded rats; GpIII/standard group: wounded rats treated with MEBO^®; GpIV/S. platensis gel: wounded rats treated with S. platensis gel; and GpV/nano-spirulina (SPNP)-gel: wounded rats treated with SPNP-gel.