Table 1.
Description of weeds in the part of Indian Western Himalayas (IWH), Kupwara district, Jammu & Kashmir, represented by their scientific name, family, dominance in different cropping systems shown by the Important Value Index (IVI), origin (native/exotic), flowering phenology and Raunkiaer life form. (Life span: A = annual, B = biennial, P = perennial, A-B = annual-biennial, A-B-P = annual-biennial-perennials. Dominant weeds in either of the cropping systems have been highlighted in bold along with their top three IVI values).
| Scientific Name | Family | Life Span | Agriculture | Horticulture | Origin | Flowering | Raunkiaer | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Paddy | Maize | Mustard | Apple | Vegetable | Phenology | Lifeform | ||||
| Achillea millefolium Linn. | Asteraceae | P | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2.74 | 0 | Native | July–Sept. | Hemicryptophyte |
| Amaranthus caudatus L. | Amaranthaceae | P | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2.74 | 11.20 | Exotic | June–Aug. | Therophyte |
| Amaranthus viridis L. | Amaranthaceae | A | 7.45 | 0 | 7.85 | 0 | 0 | Exotic | June–Aug. | Therophyte |
| Anthemis cotula L. | Asteraceae | A | 8.35 | 0 | 0 | 8.32 | 12.13 | Exotic | May–June | Therophyte |
| Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. | Brassicaceae | A | 0 | 0 | 0 | 7.23 | 0 | Exotic | April–June | Therophyte |
| Avena sativa L. | Poaceae | A | 0 | 0 | 0 | 11.13 | 14.24 | Exotic | June–Aug. | Therophyte |
| Brassica rapa L. | Brassicaceae | A | 0 | 0 | 13.26 | 0 | 0 | Exotic | April–June | Hemicryptophyte |
| Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medik. | Brassicaceae | A | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6.78 | 9.34 | Native | March–July | Therophyte |
| Cardamine hirsuta L. | Brassicaceae | B | 11.01 | 0 | 0 | 13.02 | 6.05 | Native | March–May | Therophyte |
| Carex fedia Nees | Cyperaceae | P | 0 | 20.63 | 0 | 0 | 0 | Native | March–June | Hemicryptophyte |
| Cerastium cerastoides (L.) | Caryophyllaceae | A | 3.76 | 0 | 7.19 | 0 | 0 | Native | May–Aug. | Therophyte |
| Chenopodium album L. | Chenopodiaceae | A | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5.05 | 12.61 | Exotic | July–Sept. | Therophyte |
| Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. | Asteraceae | P | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2.08 | 0 | Exotic | May–Aug. | Hemicryptophyte |
| Convolvulus arvensis L. | Convolvulaceae | P | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3.37 | 0 | Exotic | April–Aug. | Therophyte |
| Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. | Poaceae | P | 0 | 21.21 | 0 | 13.32 | 11.47 | Native | May–Aug. | Hemicryptophyte |
| Daucus carota L. | Apiaceae | B | 0 | 2.97 | 0 | 4.18 | 8.41 | Exotic | June–Sept. | Hemicryptophyte |
| Duchesnea indica (Andrews) Teschem. | Rosaceae | P | 0 | 14.51 | 0 | 0 | 7.41 | Native | March–Oct. | Hemicryptophyte |
| Erigeron canadensis L. | Asteraceae | A-B | 5.17 | 16.73 | 5.62 | 7.28 | 12.61 | Exotic | April–Sept. | Therophyte |
| Euphorbia helioscopia L. | Euphorbiaceae | A | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3.29 | Exotic | April–July | Therophyte |
| Fumaria indica (Hausskn.) Pugsley | Papaveraceae | A | 0 | 5.64 | 0 | 0 | 0 | Native | April-June | Therophyte |
| Gagea lutea (L.) Ker Gawl. | Liliaceae | P | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3.37 | 0 | Native | April–June | Geophyte |
| Galinsoga parviflora Cav. | Asteraceae | A | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3.75 | 0 | Exotic | June–Aug. | Therophyte |
| Geranium rotundifolium L. | Geraniaceae | P | 3.29 | 0 | 3.56 | 10.51 | 0 | Native | June–July | Therophyte |
| Iris kashmiriana Baker | Iridaceae | P | 0 | 6.39 | 0 | 0 | 0 | Native | April–Jun | Geophyte |
| Lactuca serriola L. | Asteraceae | A | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4.62 | 5.63 | Native | July–Sept. | Therophyte |
| Mazus pumilus (Burm.f.) Steenis | Mazaceae | A | 6.67 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | Native | April–May | Therophyte |
| Medicago polymorpha L. | Fabaceae | A | 0 | 0 | 7.92 | 9.81 | 0 | Exotic | April–June | Therophyte |
| Mentha arvensis L. | Lamiaceae | P | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5.35 | 0 | Native | July–Oct. | Hemicryptophyte |
| Mentha longifolia (L.) Huds. | Lamiaceae | P | 7.47 | 0 | 0 | 5.92 | 0 | Exotic | July–Sept. | Hemicryptophyte |
| Myosotis arvensis (L.) Hill | Boraginaceae | P | 0 | 18.93 | 0 | 0 | 7.38 | Exotic | May–June | Therophyte |
| Nepeta cataria L. | Lamiaceae | P | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3.37 | 0 | Native | June–Aug. | Hemicryptophyte |
| Oenothera rosea L’Hér. ex Aiton | Onagraceae | P | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6.35 | 0 | Native | April–Aug. | Therophyte |
| Persicaria hydropiper Delarbre | Polygonaceae | A | 56.71 | 14.92 | 3.91 | 9.36 | 6.05 | Native | July–Sept. | Therophyte |
| Phleum pratense L. | Poaceae | P | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 25.15 | Native | July–Aug. | Hemicryptophyte |
| Plantago lanceolata L. | Plantaginaceae | A-B-P | 7.47 | 0 | 7.92 | 5.05 | 9.38 | Native | May–Aug. | Therophyte |
| Plantago major L. | Plantaginaceae | P | 6.31 | 5.07 | 6.92 | 7.61 | 6.51 | Native | May–Sept. | Hemicryptophyte |
| Poa annua L. | Poaceae | A | 95.64 | 42.03 | 99.22 | 34.75 | 21.26 | Native | March–Aug. | Therophyte |
| Poa bulbosa L. | Poaceae | P | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10.54 | 0 | Native | March–July | Hemicryptophyte |
| Polygonum aviculare L. | Polygonaceae | A | 4.96 | 18.55 | 5.28 | 9.39 | 10.27 | Native | June–Aug. | Therophyte |
| Polypogon fugax Nees ex Steud. | Poaceae | P | 0 | 19.19 | 0 | 0 | 0 | Native | May–June | Therophyte |
| Ranunculus arvensis L. | Ranunculaceae | P | 0 | 16.21 | 0 | 2.77 | 0 | Native | March–April | Hemicryptophyte |
| Ranunculus muricatus L. | Ranunculaceae | A-B-P | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4.62 | 10.14 | Exotic | April–June | Therophyte |
| Ranunculus sceleratus L. | Ranunculaceae | P | 15.53 | 5.91 | 16.13 | 0 | 0 | Exotic | May–July | Therophyte |
| Rorippa palustris (L.) Besser | Brassicaceae | A-B | 8.64 | 21.17 | 0 | 0 | 0 | Native | June–Aug. | Geophyte |
| Rorippa indica (L.) Hiern. | Brassicaceae | A-B | 0 | 5.76 | 0 | 0 | 0 | Native | April–June | Geophyte |
| Rumex dentatus L. | Polygonaceae | P | 13.87 | 4.71 | 15.12 | 2.75 | 10.28 | Native | June–July | Hemicryptophyte |
| Senecio vulgaris L. | Asteraceae | A-B | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2.08 | 0 | Exotic | April–Sept. | Therophyte |
| Sisymbrium loeselii L. | Brassicaceae | A | 11.01 | 0 | 11.84 | 0 | 0 | Exotic | June–Aug. | Therophyte |
| Sonchus oleraceus L. | Asteraceae | A | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5.62 | Exotic | May–July | Therophyte |
| Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers. | Poaceae | P | 0 | 8.61 | 0 | 0 | 0 | Exotic | June–Sept. | Geophyte |
| Stellaria media (L.) Vill. | Poaceae | A | 0 | 0 | 58.93 | 0 | 0 | Native | March–Oct. | Therophyte |
| Taraxacum officinale Weber | Asteraceae | P | 0 | 3.31 | 0 | 5.73 | 7.41 | Native | March–Aug. | Hemicryptophyte |
| Trifolium pratense L. | Fabaceae | P | 9.49 | 8.41 | 10.07 | 19.63 | 21.28 | Native | May–Aug. | Hemicryptophyte |
| Trifolium repens L. | Fabaceae | P | 11.21 | 5.86 | 12.57 | 33.19 | 10.14 | Native | May–Sept. | Hemicryptophyte |
| Urtica dioica L. | Urticaceae | P | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4.96 | 0 | Exotic | June–Aug. | Therophyte |
| Veronica anagallis-aquatica L. | Plantaginaceae | P | 0 | 8.12 | 0 | 0 | 0 | Native | June–Sept. | Hemicryptophyte |
| Veronica peregrina L. | Plantaginaceae | A | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 13.47 | Exotic | May–Oct. | Therophyte |
| Veronica persica Poir. | Plantaginaceae | A | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6.64 | 14.24 | Native | March–July | Therophyte |
| Vicia sativa L. | Fabaceae | A | 5.21 | 4.71 | 6.31 | 0 | 0 | Exotic | May–June | Therophyte |