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(a) The I–V characteristic and (b) IR thermography of an M55 module, operating for 24 years, with EVA browning in the bottom-left-corner cell. The affected cell exhibits increased temperature of around 34 °C higher than neighbouring cells in the module. (c) I–V curve of a brand-new c-Si BIO175 module at IT = 899 W/m2, (d) IR image of the same module during operation.
