Table 1.
Sociodemographic, premorbid, and injury-related characteristics of the sample (N = 2555).
| N (Valid %) | Missing, N (%) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sociodemographic characteristics | Age (in years) | M (SD) | 48.86 (19.49) | 0 (0.0) |
| Median | 50.00 | |||
| Range | 16.00–95.00 | |||
| Sex, N (%) | Female | 886 (34.7%) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Male | 1669 (65.3%) | |||
| Education level, N (%) | None/primary school | 327 (14.4) | 281 (11.0) | |
| At least secondary/high school | 852 (37.5) | |||
| Post-high school training | 469 (20.6) | |||
| College/university | 626 (27.5) | |||
| Employment status | Full-time employed | 1072 (44.7) | 159 (6.2) | |
| Part-time employed | 269 (11.2) | |||
| In training | 241 (10.1) | |||
| Unemployed | 216 (9.0) | |||
| Retired | 598 (25.0) | |||
| Marital status | Never been married | 756 (31.3) | 142 (5.6) | |
| Married | 1073 (44.5) | |||
| Living together/common law | 221 (9.2) | |||
| Divorced/separated | 229 (9.5) | |||
| Widowed | 134 (5.6) | |||
| Living alone | No | 2026 (79.4) | 3 (0.1) | |
| Yes | 526 (20.6) | |||
| Premorbid health status | Physical health Status (ASA) a | Normal healthy | 1510 (59.8) | 31 (1.2) |
| Mild disease | 805 (31.9) | |||
| Severe disease | 209 (8.3) | |||
| Psychological problems | No | 2212 (87.9) | 39 (1.5) | |
| Yes | 304 (12.1) | |||
| TBI history | No | 2190 (89.8) | 116 (4.5) | |
| Yes | 249 (10.2) | |||
| Developmental problems | No | 2483 (99.0) | 46 (1.8) | |
| Yes | 26 (1.0) | |||
| Injury-related factors | Cause of injury | Road traffic incident | 1026 (41.0) | 53 (2.1) |
| Incidental fall | 1113 (44.5) | |||
| Other a | 363 (14.5) | |||
| Clinical care pathways | ER | 530 (20.7) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Admission | 974 (38.1) | |||
| ICU | 1051 (41.1) | |||
| Length of hospital stay (days) | M (SD) | 11.44 (18.86) | 58 (2.3) | |
| Median | 4.22 | |||
| Range | 0.00–370.50 | |||
| Injury Severity Score (ISS) | M (SD) | 18.62 (14.90) | 33 (1.3) | |
| Median | 14.00 | |||
| Range | 1.00–75.00 | |||
| Brain Injury Score (AIS) | M (SD) | 2.99 (1.35) | 34 (1.3) | |
| Median | 3.00 | |||
| Range | 0.00– 6.00 | |||
| TBI severity | Uncomplicated mild | 935 (39.7) | 198 (7.7) | |
| Complicated mild | 829 (35.2) | |||
| Moderate | 183 (7.8) | |||
| Severe | 410 (17.4) | |||
| GOSE (3 months) | Vegetative State/Lower Severe Disability | 204 (8.0) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Upper Severe Disability | 274 (10.7) | |||
| Lower Moderate Disability | 226 (8.9) | |||
| Upper Moderate Disability | 398 (15.6) | |||
| Lower Good Recovery | 529 (20.7) | |||
| Upper Good Recovery | 924 (36.2) |
a Category ‘Other’ includes ‘Other non-intentional injury’, ‘Violence/assault’, ‘Act of mass violence’, ‘Suicide attempt’, and ‘Other’. Note. Reference group of categorical predictors in italic. GOSE levels 7 (‘lower good recovery’) and 8 (‘upper good recovery’) were merged for the multinomial logistic regressions. N = absolute frequencies, % = relative frequencies, M = mean, SD = standard deviation, ER = emergency room, Admission = admission to a hospital ward, ICU = intensive care unit.