Table 1.

Characteristics of different types of dental stem cells

Cell types	Markers			Multidirectional differentiations
	Cell surface markers	Embryonic stem cell markers	Nerual markers
DPSCs	CD13, CD29, CD44, CD59, CD73, CD90, CD105, CD146, STRO-1[7], CD81, CD49f[140], CD40, CD120a, CD261, CD262, CD264, CD266, CD121a, CD130, CD213a1, CD217, CDw210b[141]	OCT-4, Nanog[142], SSEA-1, SEEA-4[140], SOX-2[143]	βIII-tubulin, NFM, Nestin, CNPase[144], S100, CD271[17]	Osteogenic, Odontogenic[145], Dentinogeni, Chondrogenic, Neurogenic, Myogenic, Adipogenic[13], Hepatogenic[146]
PDLSCs	CD13, CD29, CD44, CD49, CD73, CD90, CD105, CD146, CD166, CD271[147], CD10[7], STRO-1[148]	SSEA-1, SSEA-3, SSEA-4, TRA-1-60, TRA-1-81, OCT-4, Nanog, SOX-2, REX1, and ALP[149]	Nestin, OCT-4, SSEA-4[9] CD271, SOX-10[147], SOX-2[149]	Osteogenic, Cementogenic, Adipogenic, Chondrogenic, Neurogenic[13], Hepatogenic[149], Cardiac myogenic, Endothelial-like, Islet-like, Retinal ganglion-like[147]
SCAP	CD13, CD24, CD29, CD44, CD49, CD51, CD56, CD61, CD73, CD90, CD105, CD106, CD146, CD166, STRO-1, NOTCH-3[150], CD81, CD49f[151]	OCT-4, Nanog, SOX2[143], CD49f[151]	βIII-tubulin, NFM, Nestin, CNPase[144], SOX-2[143], Vimentin, Survivin[150]	Osteogenic, Dentinogenic, Adipogenic[15], Neurogenic[13], Chondrogenic, Hepatogenic[150]
SHED	CD29, CD73, CD90, CD166[13], STRO-1, CD44[145], CD105[152], NOTCH-1, CD10, CD13, CD34, CD106, CD146, CD166, CD271[102]	OCT-4, Nanog, SSEA-3[153], SSEA-4[152], NOTCH-1, OCT-4, SOX-2[102]	βIII-tubulin, NFM, Nestin, CNPase, GAD, NeuN, GFAP[154], CD271, Vimentin, OCT-4, PAX-6, NSE, MAP-2, PSA-NCAM, TH[102]	Osteogenic, Odontogenic[145], Dentinogenic, Chondrogenic, Neurogenic, Myogenic, Adipogenic[13], Hepatogenic[155]
DFPCs	CD13, CD29, CD59, CD90[7], CD105, CD146[142], CD44, CD73, NOTCH-1, STRO-1[156]	OCT-4, Nanog[142], NOTCH-1, SOX-2[156]	OCT-4, SOX2[9], Nestin, SOX-2[156]	Osteogenic, Cementogenic, Odontogenic, Adipogenic, Chondrogenic[13], Hepatogenic[146]
GMSCs	CD13, CD29, CD44, CD73, CD90, CD105, CD146, STRO-1[16]	SSEA-4[16], OCT-4, Nanog[157]	Nestin, SOX10[16], βIII-tubulin, NFM, CNPase[144]	Osteogenic, Adipogenic, Chondrogenic, Neurogenic, Endothelial-like, Odontogenic[16], Myogenic[158]

ALP: Alkaline phosphatase; CD: Cluster of differentiation; CNPase: 2’,3’-cyclic nucleotide 3’-phosphodiesterase; GAD: Glutamic acid decarboxylase; GFAP: Glial fibrillary acidic protein; MAP-2: Microtubule associated protein 2; NeuN: Neuronal nuclei; NFM: Neurofilament medium chain; NGFR: Nerve growth factor receptor; NSE: Neuron-specific enolase; OCT: Octamer-binding transcription factor; PAX-6: Paired Box 6; PSA-NCAM: Polysialylated neural cell adhesion molecule; REX-1: RNA exonuclease 1 homolog; SOX: Sex determining region Y-box; SSEA: Stage-specific embryonic antigen; TH: Tyrosine hydroxylase; SHED: Stem cells from exfoliated deciduous teeth.