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. 2023 Mar 15;15(3):754. doi: 10.3390/v15030754

Figure 4.

Figure 4

Proposed contribution of SARS-CoV-2 and soluble S1 to inducing inflammatory responses by macrophages. SARS-CoV-2 virions and soluble S1 proteins released from productively infected lung epithelial cells trigger proinflammatory responses by macrophages, which then contribute to hyperinflammation and lung disease associated with COVID-19.