Figure 1.

Ultra-early neuroinflammatory factor levels in acute stroke patients^†

ECL, electrochemiluminescence immunoassay; ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; SIMOA, single molecule array; HSP, heat shock protein; MSU, mobile stroke unit; IL-6, interleukin 6; NfL, neurofilament light chain; UCH-L1, ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase L1; GFAP, glial fibrillary astrocytic protein; CRP, C-reactive protein; MMP-9, matrix metalloproteinase 9; CXCL4, C-X-C motif ligand 4; PECAM-1, platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1; OPN, osteopontin.

^†All values are median plasma neuroinflammatory factor concentrations, for stroke patients and controls.

^‡For ECL, the reference is 1.89 pg/mL (Todd J., Simpson P., Estis J., Torres V., Wub A. H. Reference range and short- and long-term biological variation of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-17A and tissue necrosis factor-alpha using high sensitivity assays. Cytokine. Dec 2013;64(3):660–665.)

*Values for SIMOA results are reduced by a factor of 10 for scale.

**For extracellular vesicle analyses, levels are expressed as arbitrary units of pixel density.