Table 1.

PICOs, Inclusion Criteria and Exclusion Criteria Applied to Database Search

PICOS	Inclusion Criteria	Exclusion Criteria
Population	• Medical students, junior doctors and residents in all specialities and subspecialities of psychiatry, medicine, surgery, paediatrics, family medicine and obstetrics and gynaecology • In formal training programs or structured and assessed longitudinal programs, including residency and advanced training programs, specialist training, surgical training, and other speciality and subspeciality training programs.	• Allied health specialties such as dietetics, nursing, psychology, chiropractic, midwifery, social work • Non-medical specialties such as clinical and translational science, veterinary, dentistry • Not in training programs such as attendings, consultants and or physicians who have exited structured training programs.
Intervention	• Role modelling • Supervision • Coaching • Teaching • Tutoring • Novice mentoring involving junior physicians, residents and/or medical students mentored by senior clinicians aimed at advancing the professional and/or personal development of the mentee o Mentoring processes o Mentor factors o Mentee factors o Mentoring relationship o Host organization o Outcomes of mentoring o Barriers to mentoring o Mentoring structure o Mentoring framework o Mentoring culture o Mentoring environment	• Peer mentoring, Near-peer mentoring, mentoring for leadership, mentoring patients or mentoring by patients, interdisciplinary mentoring
Comparison	• Comparisons accounts of mentoring between mentoring programs, editorials and perspective, reflective, narratives and opinions pieces
Outcome	• Personal outcomes of mentoring such as values, beliefs, identity as a medical professional etc. • Professional development outcomes such as on career choices (including academia positions/careers)	• Papers that did not discuss impact of role modelling on personal or professional development outcomes
Study design	• All study designs are included o Descriptive papers o Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed study methods o Systematic review, literature reviews, and narrative reviews • Perspectives, opinion, commentary pieces, and editorials • Year: 1st Jan 2000–31st December 2021