Table 1.

Temperate phage-mediated virulent gene (VG) and antibiotic-resistant gene (ARG) transfer.

Bacterial Host	Temperate Phages	VGs/ARGs	Toxin/Antibiotic Resistance	Transduction Efficiency	Recipient	References
Escherichia coli	Stx1- and Stx2- converting phages	stx	Shiga toxin	10−3 to 10−5 tru a/cell	Non-pathogenic Enterobacter and E. coli	[20,44,45]
	E. coli prophage	blaTEM, blaCTX-M	β-lactams	NA b	E. coli	[50]
	Stx phages 933W, 557, 312, and Cdt phage	armA	Aminoglycosides	NA	E. coli	[51]
	SUSP1, SUSP2	kan, amp	Kanamycin, ampicillin	NA	E. coli, Bacillus sp., soil bacteria	[52]
	Stx-converting prophage 933w	tet	Tetracycline		E. coli	[50,53]
Salmonella	Fels-2, Enterobacteriaceae	oqxB_1, blaCTX-M	Quinolones, β-lactams	NA	NA	[54]
	ES18	amp, tet, cam	Ampicillin, tetracycline, chloramphenicol	10−8, 10−9, 10−7 tru/pfu c	S. Typhimurium	[55]
Vibrio cholerae	CTX𝜑	ctxAB, zot	Cholera toxin, Zonula occludens toxin	NA	V. cholerae	[23,56]
Campylobacter concisus	CON_phi2	zot	Zonula occludens toxin	NA	C. concisus	[25,26]
Clostridium perfringens	Clostridium phage phiMMP01, vbCpeS-CP51, PhiS63, Staphylococcus phage SP beta-like	cloSI, cpe, nanH, plc	α-toxins, Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin, sialidase, α-clostripain	NA	C. perfringens	[35]
Staphylococcus aureus	80α	TSST-1	Shock toxin TSST-1	10−1 tru/pfu 10−1 to 10−6 tru/pfu	S. aureus L. monocytogenes	[47]
	Staphylococcal phages	cat, aadDE, msrA	Chloramphenicol, aminoglycosides, macrolides	NA	S. aureus	[56]
	80α	bla, tet	Penicillin, tetracycline	10−5, 10−6 tru/pfu	S. aureus	[56,57]
	PDT17	amp, cam	Ampicillin, chloramphenicol	10−8 tru/pfu	S. Typhimurium	[55]
	Staphylococcal phages	bla, fusB	Penicillin, fusidic acid	NA	S. aureus	[56]
	80α	str	Streptomycin	10−1 tru/pfu	L. monocytogenes	[47]

^a Transduction unit. ^b No data available. ^c Plaque-forming units.