Table 3.
Comparison of preceding studies with current work in terms of membrane performance for heavy metals removal.
| Type of Modification | Application | Flux (LMH) | Rejection (%) | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PVDF/APTES functionalized halloysite-Magnetic graphene oxide/metformin | Aqueous solution Cu2+ Cd2+ Cr2+ |
14.2 |
Cu2+ = 47.9% Cd2+ = 44.2% Cr2+ = 52.3% |
[62] |
| Dual layer polybenzimidazole/PES | Aqueous solution Cr2+ Pb2+ Cd2+ |
8.3 |
Cr2+ = 98% Pb2+ = 93% Cd2+ = 70% |
[63] |
| NF270 | Pb(NO3)2/Cd(NO3)2 aqueous solution |
- | Cd2+ = 99% Pb2+ = 74% |
[60] |
| (PEI) cross-linked P84 | Pb(NO3)2 aqueous solution | - | Pb2+ = 91.05% | [64] |
| TFC-NF300 polyamide thin film |
CdCl2; NiSO4 aqueous solution |
- | Cd2+ = 80% Ni2+ = 97% |
[65] |
| cellulose acetate (CA) NF-23 | Cd(NO3)2 | - | Cd2+ = 84% | [66] |
| PES hollow fiber | Ternary aqueous solution Pb2+ Cd2+ Co2+ |
16.4 37.9 16.6 |
Pb2+ = 40% Cd2+ = 48.3% Co2+ = 50.5% |
[67] |
| PES hollow fiber | Binary aqueous solution Pb2+ Co2+ Cd2+ |
- |
Pb2+ = 60.3% Co2+ = 58% Cd2+ = 44.5% |
[68] |
| PPSU NF bulk modification MXene-modified | Wastewater | 11.1 | 97% for copper, 93.4% for cadmium, and 93% for lead | This work |