Table 2.

Summary of findings in studies with the administration of noradrenaline antagonists.

Study	Group (N)	Pharmacological Treatment	Mechanism of Action	Experimental Paradigm	Phase of Fear Learning	CSs	US	Psychophysiological Measure	Main Findings
Lonsdorf et al. [133]	RBX treatment (23) Placebo treatment (19)	4 mg of RBX Placebo	Reboxetine is an inhibitor of noradrenaline reuptake	3 days	Acquisition Extinction	Symbols shown in three different contexts	Electrotactile shock	SCR and fMRI	No SCR differences between groups at the behavioral level Before reinstatement, only the placebo group showed higher activation in vmPFC for CS cues After reinstatement, the RBX group showed higher amygdala activation for CS cues
Kausche et al. [134]	Placebo treatment (31) CORT treatment (31) YOH treatment (34) CORT+YOH treatment (29)	20 mg of cortisol 20 mg of YOH 20 mg of cortisol and YOH Placebo	Cortisol is an agonist of glucocorticoid receptor and annexin A1 Yohimbine is an α2-adrenergic blocking agent	2 days	Habituation Acquisition	Eight neutral faces	Electric shock	SCR	The YOH group showed higher SCR across a similarity continuum from CS+ to CS− (increased responses to the CS+) Cortisol did not enhance fear memory expression, but increased fear generalization
Soeter and Kindt [132]	Yohimbine treatment (20) Propranolol treatment (20)	40 mg of YOH 20 mg of propranolol Placebo	Yohimbine is an α2-adrenergic blocking agent	3 days	Acquisition Recall Extinction	Three images	Auditory tone	SCR Systolic and diastolic blood pressure Amylase level	The YOH group showed higher startle fear responses during fear memory reactivation on day 2 The propanolol group showed a reduction in startle fear responses during reconsolidation and extinction

Notes. RBX = reboxetine; CORT = cortisol; YOH = yohimbine; CS+ = conditioned stimulus; CS− = control stimulus; SCR = skin conductance response; fMRI = functional magnetic resonance imaging; vmPFC = ventromedial prefrontal cortex.