Figure 5.

(a) A strain transducer based on (GelMA)/Fe₃O₄–magnetic hydrogel film (reprinted with permission from Ref. [86], Copyright 2022 American Chemical Society). (b) A pressure transducer array made of graphene nanoparticles (reprinted with permission from Ref. [87], Copyright 2021 Elsevier, Ltd.). (c) A pressure transducer made of organic field-effect transistors (reprinted with permission from Ref. [88], Copyright 2020 Elsevier Ltd.). (d) A pressure transducer built from carbon nanotubes (CNTs) with pyramid patterns (reprinted with permission from Ref. [89], Copyright 2022 Springer Nature). (e) A cadmium ion-selective membrane made of graphene nanosheet (reprinted with permission from Ref. [90], Copyright 2018 American Chemical Society). (f) A temperature transducer made of carbon nanotubes (reprinted with permission from Ref. [91], Copyright 2018 Elsevier, Ltd.).