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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 Mar 29.
Published in final edited form as: Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2022 Jan 19;239(2):561–572. doi: 10.1007/s00213-021-06048-7

Figure 5. Analgesic rescue of pain-depressed behavior reflects an interaction between analgesia and motor/cognitive impairment.

Figure 5.

Under Baseline (BL) conditions, the target behavior occurs at a high rate, and experimental pain models (Pain) may reduce behavioral rates as a sign of pain-related behavioral depression. Drug-induced relief of pain-depressed behavior (blue) will depend on an interaction between analgesic effects (green), which increase behavioral rate, and motor/cognitive impairment effects (red), which decrease behavioral rate. As drug potency to produce impairment increases (i.e. left shifts in the impairment dose-effect curve), the potential for drug-induced relief of pain-depressed behavior decreases.