Table 3.
Baseline and clinical characteristics
| Overall | Frail | Non‐frail | P values | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| n = 520 | n = 145 (27.9%) | n = 375 (72.1%) | ||
| Demographics | ||||
| Age, years | 75.5 ± 6.52 | 78.5 ± 6.32 | 74.3 ± 6.22 | <0.001 |
| Male sex | 222 (42.7) | 62 (42.8) | 160 (42.7) | 0.985 |
| Smoking history | 140 (26.9) | 38 (26.2) | 102 (27.2) | 0.819 |
| Drinking history | 34 (6.5) | 7 (4.8) | 27 (7.2) | 0.326 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 25.4 ± 3.40 | 24.6 ± 3.60 | 25.7 ± 3.27 | 0.001 |
| Risk factors for HF | ||||
| Hypertension | 405 (77.9) | 114 (78.6) | 291 (77.6) | 0.801 |
| Coronary artery disease | 283 (54.4) | 78 (53.8) | 205 (54.7) | 0.858 |
| Diabetes | 174 (33.5) | 55 (37.9) | 119 (31.7) | 0.179 |
| Atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter | 75 (14.4) | 27 (18.6) | 48 (12.8) | 0.090 |
| Reasons for SBHF | ||||
| LV hypertrophy | 265 (51.0) | 73 (50.3) | 192 (51.2) | 0.839 |
| LV enlargement | 314 (60.4) | 76 (52.4) | 238 (63.5) | 0.017 |
| Diastolic dysfunction | 178 (34.2) | 55 (37.9) | 123 (32.8) | 0.976 |
| Valvular heart disease | 35 (6.7) | 12 (8.3) | 23 (6.1) | 0.382 |
| Other co‐morbidities | ||||
| Chronic kidney disease | 74 (14.2) | 28 (19.3) | 46 (12.3) | 0.039 |
| History of stroke | 121 (23.3) | 53 (36.6) | 68 (18.1) | <0.001 |
| Osteoporosis | 62 (11.9) | 28 (19.3) | 34 (9.1) | 0.001 |
| Sleep apnoea–hypopnoea syndrome | 13 (2.5) | 5 (3.4) | 8 (2.1) | 0.389 |
| Chronic respiratory disease | 31 (6.0) | 8 (5.5) | 23 (6.1) | 0.790 |
| Dyslipidaemia | 289 (55.6) | 79 (54.5) | 210 (56.0) | 0.755 |
| Cancer | 46 (8.8) | 13 (9.0) | 33 (8.8) | 0.952 |
| History of surgery | 343 (66.0) | 102 (70.3) | 241 (64.3) | 0.190 |
| ≥5 medications | 270 (51.9) | 93 (64.1) | 177 (47.2) | 0.001 |
| NT‐proBNP, pg/mL | 158 (78.6, 341) | 279 (112.4, 596) | 140 (67.1, 266) | <0.001 |
| LVEF, % | 63.4 ± 4.34 | 63.3 ± 4.42 | 63.4 ± 4.31 | 0.393 |
Values are shown as the mean ± standard deviation, n (%), or median (interquartile range). Data were analysed using the t‐test, Mann–Whitney U test, and chi‐square test for normally distributed continuous data, non‐normally distributed continuous data, and categorical data, respectively.
BMI, body mass index; HF, heart failure; LV, left ventricular; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; NT‐proBNP, N‐terminal pro‐B‐type natriuretic peptide; SBHF, stage‐B heart failure.