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. 2023 Mar 17;15(3):970. doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15030970

Table 4.

Antimicrobial efficacy of different nZnO-BNCs against different strains measured either via disk-diffusion tests or end-point assays.

Matrix Type nZnO (% wt) Test Type * Tested Microorganisms Test Results ** Ref.
Polyurethane/chitosan with mahua oil 5 Disk diffusion (10) S. aureus 20 [99]
E. coli 25
Chitosan/Poly(vinyl alcohol) 5 Disk diffusion S. aureus 14 [100]
E. coli 17
C. albicans 2
A. niger 2
Gelatin/hyaluronic acid/chitosan and asiatic acid - Disk diffusion (3) S. aureus 4.9 ± 0.6 [83]
E. coli 5.3 ± 0.2
Alginate 5 Disk diffusion (13) MRSA 15 ± 2 [41]
Chitosan 2 End-point assay B. subtilis 3 mg/mL [48]
E. coli 6 mg/mL
Bacterial cellulose - Disk diffusion (20) E. coli 27 ± 0 [50]
P. aeruginosa 25 ± 1
S. aureus 28.6 ± 1.15
C. freundii 26 ± 0
Chitosan–cellulose 10–30 (% w/v) Disk diffusion S. aureus 13.75 ± 1.50 [51]
T. rubrum 12.00 ± 1.82
PVA/chitosan/CNC 5 Disk diffusion S. aureus 6.3 [52]
S. choleraesuis 4.9
Bacterial cellulose 5 Disk diffusion (5) S. aureus 11.8 [53]
E. coli 5.6
Carboxymethylcellulose - Disk diffusion (10) S. aureus 13 [54]
B. subtilis 16
P. aeruginosa 20
E. coli 16
Gelatin - End-point assay L. monocytogenes 1 LogCFU/mL after 12 h [56]
E. coli c.a. 5.3 LogCFU/mL after 12 h
Carboxymethylchitosan - End-point assay S. aureus 99% reduction in viability after 4 h [58]
E. coli 99% reduction in viability after 6 h
Chitosan–carboxymethyl cellulose–oleic acid 2 Disk diffusion (4) A. niger 30.10 ± 1.50 [59]
Gelatin-chitosan nanofibers 5 Disk diffusion (12) E. coli 25.06 ± 0.24 [84]
S. aureus 33.13 ± 0.67
P. aeruginosa 12.95 ± 0.18
Gelatin/β-glucan - Disk diffusion (12) S. typhimurium 13.2 ± 1.72 [85]
E. coli 15.0 ± 1.52
S. aureus 17.0 ± 2.10
P. aeruginosa 14.2 ± 1.32
Gum acacia/poly(acrylate) - Disk diffusion E. coli 32 ± 0.7 [61]
Hyaluronic acid - Disk diffusion (6) E. coli 19 [75]
S. aureus 11
Methacrylated hyaluronic acid/elastin-like polypeptide 0.2 End-point assay MRSA 28.3 ± 4.7 CFU [76]
Keratin 5 Disk diffusion (5) E. coli 7.7 ± 1 [79]
S. aureus 13.5 ± 1.3
Sago-starch 5 Disk diffusion S. aureus 80 mm2 [62]
Oxidised starch - Disk diffusion (5) S. aureus 100% inhibition [64]
E. coli 8–11 mm
Carrageenan - End-point assay L. monocytogenes 9 LogCFU/mL after 12 h [66]
E. coli 0 LogCFU/mL after 12 h
Chitosan/cellulose/acetate phthalate 5 Disk diffusion (10) S. aureus 23 ± 0.35 [71]
E. coli 24 ± 0. 47
Poly(lactic acid) - End-point assay E. coli 3.31 LogCFU/mL after 12 h [204]
Poly(vinyl alcohol)/chitosan 1 Disk diffusion (20) S. aureus 26 [192]
E. coli 25
Poly(caprolactone) nanofibers 5 Disk diffusion (6) E. coli 8.76 ± 1.2 [194]
S. aureus 9.98 ± 0.6
Chitosan - End-point assay E. coli 2.5 ± 0.421 × 107 CFU/g [189]
S. aureus 9 ± 0.367 × 107
Regenerated bacterial cellulose 2 Disk diffusion (15) E. coli 41 [191]
Cellulose - Disk diffusion S. aureus 10.40 ± 0.50 [196]
T. rubrum 9.20 ± 0.20
Starch 5 End-point assay E. coli ~65% inhibitory rate [207]
S. aureus 100% inhibitory rate
Chitosan–cellulose - Disk diffusion S. aureus 13.75 ± 1.50 [51]
T. rubrum 12.00 ± 1.82
Gelatin nanofibers 3 Disk diffusion (10) S. aureus 27 ± 1 [212]
Hydroxyethylcellulose 0.2 End-point assay E. coli 60.2% inhibition [225]
S. aureus 91.5% inhibition
Poly(lactic acid)/acetylated cellulose nanocrystals 5 End-point assay S. aureus 100% growth inhibition rate [226]
E. coli 100% growth inhibition rate
Carboxymethylcellulose - Disk diffusion (5) E. coli 20 ± 2 [227]
S. aureus 28 ± 2
Chitosan/poly(vinyl alcohol) nanofiber - Disk diffusion (15) E. coli 20.2 ± 1.0 [101]
B. subtilis 15.5 ± 0.8
S. aureus 21.5 ± 0.5
P. aeruginosa 21.8 ± 1.5
Cellulose/chitosan nanofibers 5 Disk diffusion (12) E. coli 25.06 ± 0.24 [228]
S. aureus 33.13 ± 0.67
P. aeruginosa 12.95 ± 0.18
Ultrasonicated poly(lactic acid) 1 Disk diffusion (10) E. coli 21.17 ± 0.07 [229]
S. aureus 18.13 ± 0.08
Bacterial cellulose - Disk diffusion (6) E. coli 0 [230]
B. subtilis 4 ± 0.13
C. albicans 0

* For disk-diffusion tests, the number between parentheses indicates the diameter of the disk reported in the reference study, expressed in millimetres. ** For disk-diffusion tests, the number indicates the diameter of the inhibition zone, expressed in millimetres unless otherwise specified.