Table 3.
Mitochondrial functional peptides.
| Source | Peptides | Outcomes | Activities | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Marine Vertebrates | ||||
| Anchovy (Coilia mystus) | PYCS, CVGSY | alleviate memory impairment; suppression of ROS production and Ca2+ influx | oxidative stress, neuroprotection | [87] |
| Round scad (Decapterus Maruadsi) | RSH | reverse the cognition deficits induced by sleep deprivation; alleviate oxidative stress; up-regulate the expression of anti-oxidant defense-related proteins; improve the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), the phosphorylation of cAMP response element-binding (CREB) and tropomyosin-related kinase B (TrkB) in vivo | anti-oxidant | [88] |
| Marine Invertebrates | ||||
| Mollusk (Elysia rufescens) | Kahalalide F | increase the expression of NLG-1; extend the lifespan and health span of nematode | anti-aging | [87,89] |
| Sea cucumber (Apostichopus japonicu) | TP-WW-620, TP-WW-621, TP-WW-623 | protect cells against hydrogen peroxide; reduce the oxidative stress induced through the depletion of cellular glutathione; decrease mitochondrial superoxide levels; alleviate mitophagy in human neuroblastoma cells | anti-oxidant | [91] |
| Sea cucumber | SCP-1, SCP-2 | improve exercise performance in mice; reduce metabolism accumulation and muscle injury and enhanced glycogen storage in mice; inhibit oxidative stress and enhance energy metabolism in mice; modulate oxidative stress and mitochondria function-related protein expression in the skeletal muscles | anti-fatigue, oxidative stress, mitochondrial | [92] |
| Marine plants | ||||
| cyanobacteria (Anabaena torulosa) | Laxaphycins (laxaphycins B and B3, acyclolaxaphycins B and B3) | induce apoptosis; affect mitochondrial functioning; promote AMPK phosphorylation; inhibit mTOR | Cytotoxic, mitochondrial, pro-apoptotic, autophagic | [93] |