Table 4.
Immunomodulatory peptides.
| Source | Peptides | Outcomes | Activities | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Marine Vertebrates | ||||
| Fish | fish protein hydrolysate (FPC) | increase the number of IgA+ cells, IL-4, IL-6, and IL-10 in the lamina propria; increase certain pro-inflammatory cytokines; maintain the intestinal homoeostasis | immunomodulatory | [95] |
| Carp egg | carp egg protein hydrolysates (CEPHs) | enhance the proliferation of spleen lymphocytes; increase the splenic natural killer cell cytotoxicity, mucosal immunity (secretory immunoglobulin A) in the gut and level of serum immunoglobulin A; increase the percentages of CD4+ and CD8+ cells in spleen | immunomodulatory | [96] |
| Tuna cooking drip (CTD) | enzymatic digest of tuna cooking drip (EH-TCD) | increase the production of immunostimulatory cytokines (interleukin-10 and interleukin-2); increase serum IgG1 and IgG2a levels | immunomodulatory | [97] |
| Japanese yellow goby (Nibea japonica) | low molecular weight peptide (NJP) | promote cell proliferation and have no significant toxic effects on RAW264.7 cells; promote phagocytic capacity and the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β; promote cell cycle progression and increase the percentage of cells in G0/G1 phase | immunomodulatory | [98] |
| Marine Invertebrates | ||||
| Red shrimp (Solenocera crassicornis) | SCHPs-F1 | alleviate the CTX-induced hepatotoxicity; reduce the P450 protein content; ameliorate the pathological structural disorder of hepatic tissue in mice; reduce the MDA levels, and increase the activity of hepatic anti-oxidant enzymes; restore levels of proinflammatory factors; improve the CTX-induced hepatic oxidative stress; reduce the secretion of the pro-inflammatory cytokines | anti-oxidant, anti-inflammation | [99] |