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. 2023 Mar 17;13(3):438. doi: 10.3390/metabo13030438

Figure 1.

Figure 1

The potential beneficial effects of different antioxidant supplements in individuals with AD. Upward arrows (⬆) indicate that the beneficial relationship results from the indicated value increasing, while downward arrows (⬇) indicate that the beneficial relationship results from the indicated value decreasing. Abbreviations: AD, Alzheimer’s disease; ADAS-Cog, Alzheimer’s Disease Assessment Scale-cognitive; ADCS, Alzheimer’s Disease Cooperative Study; ADCS-ADL, Alzheimer’s Disease Cooperative Study Activities of Daily Living; DSRS, Dementia Severity Rating Scale; HOMA-B, Homeostatic Model of Assessment for B-cell Function; HOMA-IR, Homeostatic Model of Assessment for Insulin Resistance; hs-CRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; IADL, Instrumental Activities of Daily Living; IL, Interleukin; MDA, Malondialdehyde; MMP, Matrix Metalloprotease; MMSE, Mini-Mental State Examination; NPI, Neuropsychiatric Inventory; PSQI, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index; QUICKI, Quantitative Insulin Sensitivity Check Index; ROS, Reactive Oxygen Species; TNF-α, Tumor Necrosis Factor α.