Fig. 5.

Exemplary illustration with incorrect attention (left, original images; right, Group-CAM heatmaps). A A case (Image Index: 00028948_001.png, label: Cardiomegaly|Hernia|Mass) was predicted only “Cardiomegaly,” which was correctly focused in the heatmap; however, labels “hernia” and “mass” cannot be identified by our professional radiologist from the original image (left). B A case (Image Index: 00003285_001.png, label: Nodule) with correct prediction showed the ignorance of small lung nodules (white arrows) at the right lung. C A case (Image Index: 00000631_004.png, label: Pneumothorax) with correct prediction demonstrated the attention around the thoracic drainage catheter (white arrows) but not the right pneumothorax area (red dash-line circle). D A case (Image Index: 00014234_000.png, label: Pneumonia) presented incorrect attention at the diaphragm, but the original image (left) was identified with no “pneumonia” by our professional radiologist. Abbreviation: Group-CAM, group-score-weighted class activation mapping