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. 2023 Mar 28;55(1):1262–1286. doi: 10.1080/07853890.2023.2191218

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© 2023 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The terms on which this article has been published allow the posting of the Accepted Manuscript in a repository by the author(s) or with their consent.

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Figure 5. — The binding of melatonin to MT2 stimulates glucose transport to skeletal muscle cells via the IRS-1/PI-3-kinase pathway [101]. Melatonin increases the phosphorylation level of insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1) and the activity of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI-3-kinase), activates downstream protein kinase C (PKC)-ζ and stimulates glucose transport to muscle cells. Figure 4 was created with BioRender (https://biorender.com).