Table 2.
Details of exercise interventions.
| Reference | Dropout Rate (%) | Aerobic/Resistance | Type | Duration of Intervention | Intensity | Time per Session | Frequency per Week | Adherence |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Craven et al., 2021 [18] |
NR | Aerobic | Running | 7 weeks | Reporte as volume: 3 weeks of normal training, 3 weeks of high-volume training (+30% training volume), one week taper | NR | Prescribed per participant | NR |
| Tabone et al., 2021 [19] |
0% | Aerobic | Treadmill and running | NA | Maximal intensity | Treadmill: until volitional fatigue Track: max pace 1 km |
Single effort | 100% |
| Zeppa et al., 2021 [20] |
5.50% | Aerobic | Cycle ergometer | 9 weeks | HIIT mixed with LIT (each session had HI at 20% of session) |
55 min, 60 min, 70 min (3 weeks each) |
3× 55 min first 3 weeks, 4× 60 min 3 Weeks, 5× 70 min for last 3 weeks |
NR |
| Karl et al., 2017 [21] |
0% | Aerobic | Cross-country ski/march | 4 days | 50:10 min work:rest | NR (51 km total distance) | NA | 100% |
| Zhao et al., 2018 [22] |
0% | Aerobic | Running | Single effort | Moderate to vigorous intensity | 92–160 min | NA | 100% |
| Grosicki et al., 2019 [23] |
0% | Aerobic (>80%) Resistance (<20%) |
Running “Strength” | 23 weeks | Moderate to high | ~666 min per week | 115–124 km per week | 100% |
| Keohane et al., 2019 [24] |
0% | Aerobic | Rowing | 33 days, 22 h | Moderate to high | 2 h increments, totalling 349.9 h each |
Average: 151.8 km/day (12 h) | 100% |
| Barton et al., 2020 [25] |
0% | Aerobic (n = 1) Concurrent (n = 1) |
Sport specific | 26 weeks | NR | 1–8 h | NR | NR |
| Oliveira et al., 2022 [26] |
NA | Sport specific | Sport specific | 3 days | 3–6 RPE | 666 min | 10 sessions over 3 days |
NR |
| Bycura et al., 2021 [27] |
0% | AT: aerobic RT: resistance |
AT: 2× group cycling sessions + 1× rotating CRE Activity RT: 3–6 sets of 6 12 reps full body exercise |
8 weeks | AT: 60–90% HRmax RT: 70–85% 1RM |
60 min | 3 sessions | 100% |
| Erlandson et al., 2021 [28] | 32% | Concurrent | Treadmill Four weight based exercises |
24 weeks | Periodised RT and AT until week 12 then randomised to moderate (40–50% VO2 max and 60–70% 1RM) or high intensity (60–70% VO2max and >80% 1RM) with same intervention structure |
20 min to 50 min AT, 4 exercises, 3 sets 8 reps | 3 sessions | NR |
| Resende et al., 2021 [29] |
14% | Aerobic | Cycle ergometer | 10 weeks | Moderate intensity (steady state weeks 1 and 2, 65% VO2 progressive load weekly for weeks 3–10) | 50 min | 3 | 100% compliance |
| Huber et al., 2019 [30] | 6.80% | Web based concurrent | AT: MICT, Treadmill interval RT: 10 Strength exercise | 8 weeks | Individualised moderate | NR | 3× per week for first 4 weeks. 5× per week for weeks 4–8 | 63.4% |
| Verheggen et al., 2021 [31] | 0% | Aerobic | Cycle ergometer | 8 weeks | 65–85% HRR (increased over 55 min intervention) | 55 min | 2–4 | 98% compliance |
| Cronin et al., 2018 [32] |
17% | Concurrent | AT: NR RT: 7 exercises |
8 weeks | AT: RPE 5–7/10 RT: >70% 1RM |
NR | 3× per week | 88% |
| Shukla et al., 2015 [33] |
0% | Aerobic | Cycle ergometer | Single effort | Maximal intensity | ME = 11.72 ± 2.6 min C = 13.1 ± 3.4 min |
NA | 100% |
| Allen et al., 2018 [34] |
22% | Aerobic | Cycle ergometer Treadmill |
6 weeks | 60–75% HRR | 30–60 min | 3 sessions | 100% Compliance |
| Morita et al., 2019 [35] |
9% | I = Aerobic C = ‘trunk muscle training’ |
I: brisk walk C: trunk exercise |
12 weeks | I: >3 METs C: NR |
60 min per session | I: daily C: 1× group session per week + daily home sessions |
I: 97.1% attendance C: >90% |
| Rettedal et al., 2020 [36] |
9% | Aerobic | Cycle ergometer | 3 weeks | High-intensity | 8–12 × 60 s bouts @ VO2 peak with 75 s recovery |
9 sessions in total on non-consecutive days | 100% |
| Taniguchi et al., 2018 [37] | 6% | Aerobic | Cycle ergometer | 5 weeks | 60–75% VO2peak | 30 min for weeks 1–2; 45 min for weeks 3–5 |
3 sessions | NR |
| Munukka et al., 2018 [38] |
11% | Aerobic (interval) | Cycle ergometer | 6 weeks | Low to moderate | 40–60 min | 3 sessions | NR |
| Cronin et al., 2019 [39] |
12% | Concurrent | AT: NR RT: 7 exercises |
8 weeks | AT: RPE 5–7/10 RT: >70% 1RM |
NR | 3 sessions | 85% |
| Kern et al., 2020 [40] | 32% | Aerobic | Bike: bike commute Mod: NR Vig: NR C: Habitual living |
24 weeks | Bike: Not prescribed (commute) Mod: 50% VO2peak reserve Vig: 70% VO2peak reserve C: Not prescribed |
Weekly energy expenditure of 1600 kcal for women and 2100 kcal for men | 5 sessions | 93% |
| Motiani et al., 2020 [41] |
19% | Aerobic | Cycle ergometer | 2 weeks | SIT: maximal effort interval MICT: 60% VO2peak |
SIT: 4–6× 30 s bouts with 4 min recovery MICT: 40–60 min |
3 sessions | NR |
| Warbeck et al., 2020 [42] |
17% | Aerobic | Cycle ergometer Ellipticals Treadmills |
12 weeks | HIIT (30 s of vigorous effort followed by 2 min of recovery) | 60 min per session (HIIT for 15–35 min) |
2 sessions | 74.83% (attendance) |
| Dupuit et al., 2021 [43] |
NR | Concurrent | Wattbike (HIIT) 10 resistance exercises (targeted whole body in circuit format) |
12 weeks | AT: >85% HRmax (8 s high, 12 s recovery) RT: 8–12 rep max |
AT: 20 min RT: ~25 min |
3 sessions | 97.5% attendance 99% compliance |
| Mahdieh et al., 2021 [44] |
11% | Aerobic | Treadmill | 10 weeks | Moderate (55–60% HRR in week 1) gradually increasing to high intensity by week 10 (70–75% HRR) |
30 min in week one progressing to 45 min in week 10 |
3 sessions | 89% |
| Mokhtarzade et al., 2021 [45] | 17% | Concurrent | Aerobic: Jogging, running, cycling Resistance: Home based, 10 exercises |
6 months | AT: periodised 50–65% HRR to 60–75% HRR RT: Periodised RPE 5–6 to 7–8 |
NR | 5× per week (2× RT, 3× Aer) |
90% |
AT = Aerobic training, MICT = Moderate intensity continuous training, NR = Not recorded, NA = Not available, HIIT = High intensity interval training, LIT = low intensity exercise, HRR = Heart rate reserve, h = hours, Min = Minutes, ME = Myalgic encephalomyelitis, I = Intervention, C = Comparator, METs = Metabolic equivalents, VO2 = Volume of oxygen, AT = Aerobic training, RT = Resistance training, HRmax = Maximum Heart rate, RM = Repetition maximum, RPE = Rating of perceived exertion, Mod = Moderate intensity, Vig = Vigorous intensity and SIT = Spring interval training.