Table 1.

HCD tools used during co-creation workshops.

HCD Tool	Brief Description	Purpose
Mothers’ Vaccination Ecosystem	Visual bullet eye diagram to represent a mother (or female caregiver) and her baby, and the barriers she faces at each ecosystem level: family, community, health system. Used as a discussion and group-work tool.	To generate empathy for mothers by illustrating the many intersecting barriers they face. To encourage responsibility and collective action by other stakeholders by seeing and discussing barriers faced by mothers, and generate ideas to reduce barriers mothers face.
Solution Brief	The solution brief is a persona tool that draws data from synthesized findings from in-depth interviews and focus group discussions. Drawing from the data, the tool includes a persona (a fictionalized representation of an individual; see Table 2), assumptions about the root causes of immunization barriers, and problem or opportunity statements for specific user personas, which could include caregivers, health workers, or others. The end of the brief outlines a specific problem, or solution framing in the form of a question to address; this is the beginning point of the solutioning activity.	To generate empathy for specific users (e.g., healthcare workers, caregivers, community health workers). To simplify the complex system of barriers to immunization by seeing the barriers from the perspective of a specific user.
Solutioning Activity	This solutioning activity tool is a collaborative problem-solving exercise for small group breakout teams. Each team receives a solution brief detailing the user persona and their challenges, as well as a specific problem for the group to address, based on the user’s perspective. As a group often including users who share this challenge, the team works through a set of prompts from brainstorming, to using a rubric to decide which ideas to build out, to finally building out two solutions for the user’s problem.	To generate multiple-solution ideas to a specific immunization barrier in a short period of time. To build the relationship between community and health system by working toward shared solutions. Triangulate data collected from in-depth interviews and focus groups.