Figure 1.

Graphical overview of the multifaceted role of cancer-associated inflammation. Abbreviations: AKT, protein kinase-B; ERK, extracellular-signal-regulated kinase; IKKα, IKKβ, and IKKγ, IκB kinases; JAK, Janus kinase; M2, macrophages type 2; MDSC, myeloid-derived suppressor cells; MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinases; MEK, mitogen-activated protein kinase; mTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin; N2, type-2 polarized neutrophils; NF-κB, nuclear factor-κB; NKT2, natural killer T cells type 2; p53, tumor protein p53; PI3K, phosphoinositide 3-kinase; PTEN, phosphatase and tensin homolog; RAF, rapidly accelerated fibrosarcoma; RAS, rat sarcoma; STAT, signal transducer and activator of transcription protein; TH1 cells, T helper 1 cells; Treg cells, regulatory T cells; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor. The upward pointing arrows indicate increase; the downward pointing arrow indicates decrease.