Table 1.

Circumstances in which the unique properties and methods of each local anesthetic can be employed. A: adrenaline, O: octapressin, IANB: inferior alveolar nerve block.

	Short Duration	Wide and Long Duration	Cardiovascular Diseases
Articaine+A [7,8,10] Lidocaine+A [9]	✔	✔	Dilution [18,19]
Propitocaine+O [11] Mepivacaine [13,14]	-	-	✔
Ropivacaine [20] Bupivacaine [21]	-	✔	✔
Intraosseous [34,35,36]	✔	-	-
Conventional IANB [31,32,33]	-	-	-
Echo-guided IANB using ropivacaine [37,38,39,40]		✔	✔
The main outcomes of the references are as follows: [7] Articaine is more effective than lidocaine in the first molar region during routine dental procedures. The side effects of both drugs appear to be similar (systematic review); [8] Articaine is more effective than lidocaine for local anesthesia for the treatment of pulpitis. Alticaine injections are less painful, more immediate, and have fewer adverse events when compared with lidocaine (umbrella review); [9] Four percent articaine 1:100,000 adrenaline was superior to two percent lidocaine, 1:100,000 adrenaline. Two percent lidocaine, 1:100,000 adrenaline was superior to three percent prilocaine, 0.03 IU ferypressin (systematic review); [10] The most effective local anesthetic for mandibular wisdom tooth extraction was 4% articaine, which was significantly more effective than 2% lidocaine, 0.5% bupivacaine, and 1% ropivacaine (meta-analysis); [11] Propitocaine with felypressin increased blood pressure, and lidocaine with adrenaline increased the heart rate; [13] Intraosseous injection of 2% lidocaine–adrenaline increased the heart rate but did not significantly increase the heart rate with intraosseous injection of 3% mepivacaine; [14] Compared with adrenaline-added lidocaine, 3% mepivacaine without vasoconstrictor had a significantly weaker local anesthetic effect, but it was better for patients with cardiac disease; [18] The effects of 2% lidocaine with 1:200,000 adrenaline were at the same level as that of 1:80,000 adrenaline, but 2% lidocaine with 1:80,000 adrenaline increased heart rate and blood pressure significantly; [19] The effects of anesthesia with 2% lidocaine and adrenaline concentrations of 1:50,000, 1:80,000, and 1:100,000 in the inferior alveolar nerve block were at the same level of success and failure; [20] Ropivacaine 0.75% resulted in a significantly longer duration of anesthesia and less intraoperative and postoperative analgesia than 2% lidocaine with adrenaline for implant surgery; [21] Bupivacaine with adrenaline is superior to lidocaine with adrenaline in relatively prolonged dental procedures, especially those requiring endodontic treatment or postoperative pain management (meta-analysis); [31] Both IANB and infiltration anesthesia are safe and effective for implant placement in the posterior mandible; however, IANB provides deeper analgesia than mandibular infiltration (RCT); [32] IANB may not be necessary for standard implant surgery in the posterior mandible, and infiltration with 4% articaine and 1:100,000 adrenaline may be sufficient (RCT); [33] IANB has been shown to fail in approximately 30% to 45% of cases, even when properly performed (review); [34] The combination of infiltration anesthesia, IANB, Vazirani–Akinosi nerve block, and IOI was more effective than IANB (meta-analysis); [35] Intraosseous injection with 2% lidocaine with adrenaline, 4% articaine with adrenaline, or buccal and lingual infiltration anesthesia with 4% articaine with adrenaline was significantly more effective for treatment of pulpitis in mandibular molars (meta-analysis); [36] For mandibular wisdom tooth extractions, intraosseous injection had significantly shorter anesthesia time than inferior alveolar nerve block (meta-analysis); [37] The mandibular nerve and its branches were stained with methylene blue in all cases of ultrasound-guided MNB via the lateral pterygoid approach in cadavers. No accidental injections into the facial nerve or maxillary artery were observed; [38] Ultrasound-guided alveolar nerve block (IANB) was effective for postoperative analgesia after osteomyelitis curettage for advanced drug-induced osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ); [39] The efficacy of ultrasound-guided MNB compared with that of postoperative mandibular nerve block during mandibular fracture repair showed significant intraoperative and postoperative analgesia; [40] Ultrasound-guided MNB was performed in 217 patients who underwent maxillofacial surgery, with no reported complications.