Figure 1.

Immunotoxicity assessment studies on cultured cells in vitro and animals exposed to the three mycotoxins. These three mycotoxins work directly not only on cultured immune cells in vitro, including lymphocytes, dendritic cells, and macrophages, but also on animals, including mice, pigs, and chicks. They also work on primary cells isolated from these animals and up-regulate or down-regulate serum antibody levels and cytokine productions, thereby exerting immunotoxicity and even promoting pathogen infections.