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. 2023 Mar 2;15(3):187. doi: 10.3390/toxins15030187

Figure 2.

Figure 2

Mechanisms of action of the two-way immune effects of the three mycotoxins. M1 (immunostimulatory) and M2 (immunosuppressive) macrophages. Low-dose or short-term exposure to mycotoxins induces inflammation, but high-dose or long-term exposure to mycotoxins promotes immunosuppression.