. 2023 Mar 2;15(3):187. doi: 10.3390/toxins15030187

Table 1.

Determining factors of the bidirectional immunotoxicity of the three mycotoxins.

Determining Factors	AFB1	OTA	DON
Exposure dose	(Low-dose exposure) inflammation [19]	(Low-dose exposure) inflammation [20]	(Low-dose exposure) inflammation [5]
Exposure dose	(High-dose exposure) immunosuppression [21]	(High-dose exposure) immunosuppression [22]	(High-dose exposure) immunosuppression [5]
Exposure time	(Short-term exposure) inflammation [8]	(Short-term exposure) inflammation [6]	-
Exposure time	(Long-term exposure) immunosuppression [8]	(Long-term exposure) immunosuppression [6]	-
Species	Pigs > ducklings > rats > sheep [23]	Pigs > rats > mice [24]	Pigs > mice > poultry > ruminants [25]
Sex	-	-	Female > male [26]
Immunologic stimulants	(With PHA) Immunosuppression [7,27]	-	(With LPS) Immunosuppression [28]
Immunologic stimulants	(Without PHA) Inflammation [7]	-	(Without LPS) Inflammation [7]

AFB1: Aflatoxin B1; OTA: ochratoxin A; DON: deoxynivalenol; Immunologic stimulants, including lipopolysaccharide (LPS), phytohemagglutinin (PHA), concanavalin A (CoA), and pokeweed mitogen, are determining factor affecting the bidirectional immunotoxicity of mycotoxins.