Table 3.

Causal effects of coffee consumption on telomere length estimated by Mendelian randomization.

Exposure	nSNP	IVW		MR-PRESSO		MR Egger		Weighted Median		Pleiotropy p		Heterogeneity p
		Effect in Years 1 (95% CI)	p	Effect in Years 1 (95% CI)	p	Effect in Years 1 (95% CI)	p	Effect in Years 1 (95% CI)	p	MR-PRESSO	MR Egger
Coffee intake	109	−1.03 (−4.23, 2.18)	0.529	−1.45 (−3.53, 0.62)	0.172	−4.55 (−11.40, 2.29)	0.195	−3.13 (−5.80, −0.46)	0.022	<0.001	0.155	<0.001
Instant coffee intake	20	−0.85 (−1.56, −0.14)	0.019	−0.85 (−1.55, −0.15)	0.028	−1.31 (−3.07, 0.45)	0.162	−0.47 (−1.53, 0.58)	0.377	0.481	0.965	0.497
Filtered coffee intake	21	−0.22 (−1.77, 1.33)	0.782	−0.61 (−2.01, 0.80)	0.409	1.89 (−3.16, 6.94)	0.473	0.59 (−1.12, 2.30)	0.498	0.010	0.070	0.006

¹ Effect in years represents the year of age-related change in telomere length for each additional cup of coffee consumption. It was calculated by dividing β coefficient of Mendelian randomization by the β coefficient of age-related telomere length decrease (0.023 per year). Abbreviations: IVW, inverse-variance weighted; MR, Mendelian randomization; MR-PRESSO, Mendelian randomization pleiotropy residual sum and outlier; SNP, Single nucleotide polymorphisms.