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. 2023 Mar 16;24(6):5658. doi: 10.3390/ijms24065658

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© 2023 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Potential roles of placental debris and exosome changes during pregnancy-related complications. Placental debris and EVs (including exosomes and microvesicles) released from the placenta under different micro-environment conditions (such as hypoxia or high glucose) and their targeting of neighboring cells in the placenta and distant organs such as skeletal muscles. EVs are released by placental cells (such as syncytiotrophoblasts, cytotrophoblasts (CTs), and extravillous trophoblasts (EVTs)) and other cells in the placenta such as the placental mesenchymal stem cells. EVs from the placenta can enter maternal circulation and target distant cells such as skeletal muscles, endothelial cells, or vascular smooth muscle cells. Placenta-derived EVs’ concentration, content, and bioactivity changes in pregnancy and pregnancy-related disorders including GDM, PE, PTB, and FGR. GDM: gestational diabetes, PE: preeclampsia; FGR: fetal growth restriction, PTB: preterm birth.