Table 1.
The performance of the increased selenium concentration (A) or the combination of selenium 0.2 mM with amino acids (B) and application mode on the biofortification of florets. Means +/− SE are provided for (1) fresh mass, (2) dry mass, along with (3) selenium, (4) organic sulfur, (5) sulfate, and (6) total sulfur contents. Different letters indicate statistically significant differences in Tukey–Kramer test at p ≤ 0.05. TR: statistical evaluation among the application modes. AppM: statistical evaluation among the treatments. Dash indicates that the two-way ANOVA did not reveal any differences at the p < 0.05 level. In the A group, control treatment served the fertigation without Se application (Se0.0/FERT). In the B group, control treatment served the fertigation with Se 0.2 mM (Se0.2/FERT).
| 1. Fresh Mass (g) | 2. Dry Mass (g) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| FERT | FA, IAE | FA, SiE | TR | FERT | FA, IAE | FA, SiE | TR | |||||||||||||||||||
|
A
Se 0.0 |
77 | ± | 4 | - | 61 | ± | 6 | - | 61 | ± | 7 | - | AΒ | 10.96 | ± | 0.91 | - | 8.38 | ± | 1.20 | - | 9.65 | ± | 0.87 | - | - |
| Se 0.2 | 81 | ± | 5 | - | 77 | ± | 7 | - | 73 | ± | 3 | - | A | 10.75 | ± | 0.48 | - | 12.41 | ± | 0.49 | - | 10.04 | ± | 0.51 | - | - |
| Se 1.5 | 64 | ± | 2 | - | 71 | ± | 7 | - | 61 | ± | 5 | - | AΒ | 9.62 | ± | 0.58 | - | 10.49 | ± | 1.36 | - | 9.29 | ± | 1.07 | - | - |
| Se 3.0 | 54 | ± | 12 | - | 68 | ± | 3 | - | 65 | ± | 4 | - | Β | 11.26 | ± | 0.53 | - | 9.73 | ± | 0.39 | - | 11.87 | ± | 2.47 | - | - |
| AppM | - | - | - | - | - | - | ||||||||||||||||||||
|
B
Se 0.2 |
81 | ± | 5 | - | 77 | ± | 7 | - | 73 | ± | 3 | - | AΒ | 10.75 | ± | 0.48 | ab | 12.41 | ± | 0.49 | ab | 10.04 | ± | 0.51 | ab | AB |
| Cys, Se 0.2 | 90 | ± | 4 | - | 91 | ± | 2 | - | 73 | ± | 5 | - | A | 13.33 | ± | 0.19 | a | 12.54 | ± | 0.03 | ab | 9.87 | ± | 1.05 | ab | A |
| Met, Se 0.2 | 86 | ± | 3 | - | 81 | ± | 5 | - | 70 | ± | 4 | - | AΒ | 11.95 | ± | 0.63 | ab | 11.53 | ± | 0.69 | ab | 9.84 | ± | 0.44 | ab | AB |
| Cys, Met, Se 0.2 | 71 | ± | 6 | - | 63 | ± | 7 | - | 76 | ± | 6 | - | Β | 8.99 | ± | 0.47 | b | 8.56 | ± | 1.14 | b | 11.57 | ± | 1.17 | ab | B |
| mix, Se 0.2 | 77 | ± | 4 | - | 62 | ± | 9 | - | 76 | ± | 12 | - | AΒ | 10.24 | ± | 0.44 | ab | 10.23 | ± | 1.55 | ab | 11.84 | ± | 1.14 | ab | AB |
| AppM | - | - | - | - | - | - | ||||||||||||||||||||
| 3. Selenium content (μmol g−1 DM) | 4. Total sulfur content (μmol g−1 DM) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| FERT | FA, IAE | FA, SiE | TR | FERT | FA, IAE | FA, SiE | TR | |||||||||||||||||||
|
A
Se 0.0 |
0.0 | ± | 0.0 | e | 0.0 | ± | 0.0 | e | 0.0 | ± | 0.0 | e | C | 60.2 | ± | 6.1 | - | 47.1 | ± | 2.7 | - | 62.9 | ± | 6.4 | - | A |
| Se 0.2 | 0.7 | ± | 0.1 | de | 0.5 | ± | 0.1 | de | 0.3 | ± | 0.0 | de | C | 54.5 | ± | 3.3 | - | 59.7 | ± | 4.0 | - | 39.0 | ± | 3.4 | - | AB |
| Se 1.5 | 4.4 | ± | 0.2 | ab | 2.0 | ± | 0.2 | cd | 2.6 | ± | 0.2 | bc | B | 66.8 | ± | 2.4 | - | 56.8 | ± | 4.5 | - | 54.0 | ± | 1.9 | - | A |
| Se 3.0 | 5.7 | ± | 0.8 | a | 4.1 | ± | 0.7 | ab | 2.9 | ± | 0.5 | bc | A | 46.6 | ± | 10.9 | - | 41.9 | ± | 5.2 | - | 46.3 | ± | 4.7 | - | B |
| AppM | A’ | B’ | B’ | - | - | - | ||||||||||||||||||||
|
B
Se 0.2 |
0.7 | ± | 0.1 | ab | 0.5 | ± | 0.1 | bc | 0.3 | ± | 0.0 | c | A | 54.5 | ± | 3.3 | - | 59.7 | ± | 4.0 | - | 39.0 | ± | 3.4 | - | - |
| Cys, Se 0.2 | 0.8 | ± | 0.1 | a | 0.3 | ± | 0.1 | c | 0.4 | ± | 0.1 | c | A | 50.2 | ± | 4.7 | - | 64.5 | ± | 8.4 | - | 39.0 | ± | 3.0 | - | - |
| Met, Se 0.2 | 0.7 | ± | 0.1 | ab | 0.2 | ± | 0.1 | c | 0.2 | ± | 0.0 | c | A | 47.9 | ± | 10.8 | - | 73.8 | ± | 4.6 | - | 34.8 | ± | 4.5 | - | - |
| Cys, Met, Se 0.2 | 0.9 | ± | 0.0 | a | 0.2 | ± | 0.1 | c | 0.3 | ± | 0.1 | c | A | 41.4 | ± | 2.1 | - | 72.8 | ± | 5.2 | - | 41.5 | ± | 1.8 | - | - |
| mix, Se 0.2 | 0.7 | ± | 0.1 | ab | 0.2 | ± | 0.0 | c | 0.3 | ± | 0.0 | c | A | 54.9 | ± | 9.8 | - | 63.4 | ± | 11.9 | - | 45.0 | ± | 2.1 | - | - |
| AppM | A’ | B’ | B’ | B’ | A’ | C’ | ||||||||||||||||||||
| 5. Sulfate content (μmol g−1 DM) | 6. Organic sulfur content (μmol g−1 DM) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| FERT | FA, IAE | FA, SiE | TR | FERT | FA, IAE | FA, SiE | TR | |||||||||||||||||||
|
A
Se 0.0 |
11.3 | ± | 0.7 | - | 10.2 | ± | 1.3 | - | 13.2 | ± | 3.2 | - | B | 48.9 | ± | 5.6 | - | 36.9 | ± | 2.7 | - | 49.6 | ± | 3.3 | - | A |
| Se 0.2 | 18.0 | ± | 1.6 | - | 20.8 | ± | 4.3 | - | 12.1 | ± | 1.1 | - | AB | 36.5 | ± | 1.7 | - | 39.0 | ± | 1.4 | - | 26.9 | ± | 2.3 | - | AB |
| Se 1.5 | 19.0 | ± | 1.3 | - | 24.5 | ± | 4.4 | - | 21.1 | ± | 2.7 | - | A | 47.8 | ± | 3.6 | - | 32.4 | ± | 4.2 | - | 32.9 | ± | 1.8 | - | A |
| Se 3.0 | 18.7 | ± | 2.0 | - | 25.8 | ± | 2.0 | - | 19.1 | ± | 3.0 | - | A | 27.9 | ± | 11.8 | - | 16.2 | ± | 6.9 | - | 27.2 | ± | 3.5 | - | B |
| AppM | - | - | - | A’ | B’ | A’B’ | ||||||||||||||||||||
|
B
Se 0.2 |
18.0 | ± | 1.6 | - | 20.8 | ± | 4.3 | - | 12.1 | ± | 1.1 | - | - | 36.5 | ± | 1.7 | - | 39.0 | ± | 1.4 | - | 26.9 | ± | 2.3 | - | - |
| Cys, Se 0.2 | 19.2 | ± | 0.5 | - | 18.2 | ± | 2.7 | - | 21.4 | ± | 3.6 | - | - | 31.0 | ± | 4.7 | - | 46.3 | ± | 9.9 | - | 17.6 | ± | 2.8 | - | - |
| Met, Se 0.2 | 16.7 | ± | 1.8 | - | 17.4 | ± | 2.5 | - | 18.1 | ± | 3.6 | - | - | 31.2 | ± | 9.1 | - | 56.4 | ± | 2.8 | - | 16.7 | ± | 1.2 | - | - |
| Cys, Met, Se 0.2 | 27.6 | ± | 2.5 | - | 24.4 | ± | 3.0 | - | 16.8 | ± | 0.3 | - | - | 13.8 | ± | 1.3 | - | 48.4 | ± | 6.0 | - | 24.7 | ± | 2.1 | - | - |
| mix, Se 0.2 | 21.6 | ± | 5.7 | - | 23.5 | ± | 5.9 | - | 23.3 | ± | 3.8 | - | - | 33.3 | ± | 14.1 | - | 40.0 | ± | 13.2 | - | 21.7 | ± | 4.4 | - | - |
| AppM | - | - | - | B’ | A’ | B’ | ||||||||||||||||||||