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. 2023 Mar 8;16(3):415. doi: 10.3390/ph16030415

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© 2023 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Major signaling pathways in MM. MM receives several survival and proliferation signals: JAK2/STAT3 pathway activates antiapoptotic proteins and activates NF-κB, the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathways become activated when stromal-derived factor 1 α (SDF-1α) binds to CXCR4 and/or antigen binds to B-cell receptor (BCR). The RAS/MEK/ERK pathway becomes activated by BCR and CD19. Wnt/β-catenin pathway activation enhances differentiation, survival, migration, and antiapoptotic signals. Ras: rat sarcoma; Raf: rapidly accelerated fibrosarcoma; MEK: mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase. Created by Biorender.com.