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Proteasome inhibitors (PIs) induce apoptosis and inhibit CAM-DR. PIs induce protein accumulation, which leads to ER stress and activates JNK, which in turn activates caspase-8 and caspase-3, increases Fas, and generates ROS. In addition, PI enhances pro-apoptotic proteins, NOXA and BAX, and inhibits Mcl-1, which leads to apoptosis. Moreover, PI inhibits CAM-DR through inhibition of adhesion molecules (adapted from [86]). Created by Biorender.com.
