Table 3.
Demographic and clinicopathologic characteristics of 1898 patients of pancreatic cancer with liver metastases.
| Variables | n (%) | Training Cohort n (%) | Validation Cohort n (%) | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age | 1898 | 1328 | 570 | |
| ≤49 | 173 (9.1) | 128 (9.6) | 45 (7.9) | 0.176 |
| 50–64 | 692 (36.5) | 464 (34.9) | 228 (40.0) | |
| 65–74 | 615 (32.4) | 438 (33.0) | 177 (31.1) | |
| ≥75 | 418 (22.0) | 298 (22.4) | 120 (21.1) | |
| Sex | ||||
| Female | 842 (44.4) | 572 (43.1) | 270 (47.4) | 0.094 |
| Male | 1056 (55.6) | 756 (56.9) | 300 (52.6) | |
| Race | ||||
| Black | 305 (16.1) | 204 (15.4) | 101 (17.7) | 0.426 |
| Other | 145 (7.6) | 101 (7.6) | 44 (7.7) | |
| White | 1448 (76.3) | 1023 (77.0) | 425 (74.6) | |
| Primary sites | ||||
| Other | 366 (19.3) | 264 (19.9) | 102 (17.9) | 0.224 |
| Pancreatic body tail | 732 (38.6) | 521 (39.2) | 211 (37.0) | |
| Pancreatic head | 800 (42.1) | 543 (40.9) | 257 (45.1) | |
| Histopathology | ||||
| Adenocarcinoma | 1312 (69.1) | 919 (69.2) | 393 (68.9) | 0.493 |
| Infiltrating duct carcinoma | 145 (7.6) | 105 (7.9) | 40 (7.0) | |
| Neuroendocrine carcinoma | 237 (12.5) | 157 (11.8) | 80 (14.0) | |
| Other | 204 (10.7) | 147 (11.1) | 57 (10.0) | |
| Grade | ||||
| I (Well) | 234 (12.3) | 157 (11.8) | 77 (13.5) | 0.061 |
| II (Moderately) | 693 (36.5) | 469 (35.3) | 224 (39.3) | |
| III (Poorly) | 909 (47.9) | 652 (49.1) | 257 (45.1) | |
| IV (Undifferentiated) | 62 (3.3) | 50 (3.8) | 12 (2.1) | |
| T stage | ||||
| T1 | 74 (3.9) | 52 (3.9) | 22 (3.9) | 0.897 |
| T2 | 575 (30.3) | 397 (29.9) | 178 (31.2) | |
| T3 | 810 (42.7) | 574 (43.2) | 236 (41.4) | |
| T4 | 439 (23.1) | 305 (23.0) | 134 (23.5) | |
| N stage | ||||
| N0 | 1061 (55.9) | 745 (56.1) | 316 (55.4) | 0.829 |
| N1 | 837 (44.1) | 583 (43.9) | 254 (44.6) | |
| Bone metastasis | ||||
| No | 1807 (95.2) | 1260 (94.9) | 547 (96.0) | 0.37 |
| Yes | 91 (4.8) | 68 (5.1) | 23 (4.0) | |
| Brain metastasis | ||||
| No | 1893 (99.7) | 1324 (99.7) | 569 (99.8) | 0.999 |
| Yes | 5 (0.3) | 4 (0.3) | 1 (0.2) | |
| Lung metastasis | ||||
| No | 1650 (86.9) | 1150 (86.6) | 500 (87.7) | 0.554 |
| Yes | 248 (13.1) | 178 (13.4) | 70 (12.3) | |
| Tumor size | ||||
| ≤2 cm | 121 (6.4) | 89 (6.7) | 32 (5.6) | 0.682 |
| 2–4 cm | 720 (37.9) | 510 (38.4) | 210 (36.8) | |
| >4 cm | 913 (48.1) | 630 (47.4) | 283 (49.6) | |
| Unknown | 144 (7.6) | 99 (7.5) | 45 (7.9) | |
| Surgery | ||||
| No | 1555 (81.9) | 1087 (81.9) | 468 (82.1) | 0.947 |
| Yes | 343 (18.1) | 241 (18.1) | 102 (17.9) | |
| Radiotherapy | ||||
| None/Unknown | 1777 (93.6) | 1238 (93.2) | 539 (94.6) | 0.321 |
| Yes | 121 (6.4) | 90 (6.8) | 31 (5.4) | |
| Chemotherapy | ||||
| None/Unknown | 702 (37.0) | 472 (35.5) | 230 (40.4) | 0.053 |
| Yes | 1196 (63.0) | 856 (64.5) | 340 (59.6) |