Table 3.

Biological aging (Δage) ¹ by subgroup analyses according to E-DII and DIS ², in the Moli-sani sub-cohort (n = 4510).

		Biological Aging (Δage) 3
		E-DIITM 4		DIS 4,5
	n	β (95%CI)	p-Value for Interaction	β (95%CI)	p-Value for Interaction
Sex
Men	2164	0.22 (−0.04, 0.48)	0.81	0.08 (−0.17, 0.33)	0.03
Women	2346	0.23 (0.02, 0.45)		0.43 (0.21, 0.65)
Age groups, y
≤54.3	2255	0.36 (0.11, 0.61)	0.91	0.48 (0.25, 0.72)	0.39
>54.3	2255	0.46 (0.17, 0.74)		0.33 (0.03, 0.63)
Body weight status, Kg/m²
Normal weight (BMI ≤ 25)	1210	0.27 (−0.05, 0.60)	0.01	0.37 (0.05, 0.69)	0.33
Overweight (25 < BMI < 30)	1891	0.25 (−0.01, 0.51)		0.22 (−0.04, 0.49)
Obesity (BMI ≥ 30)	1409	0.11 (−0.18, 0.41)		0.16 (−0.14, 0.45)
Smoking status
Non- smokers	2248	0.15 (−0.08, 0.38)	0.79	0.29 (0.06, 0.53)	0.17
Smokers	1011	0.55 (0.20, 0.91)		0.58 (0.24, 0.93)
Former	1251	0.09 (−0.24, 0.42)		−0.03 (−0.36, 0.30)
Comorbidities
Without	2848	0.29 (0.08, 0.49)	0.11	0.32 (0.12, 0.51)	0.36
1 or more	1662	0.05 (−0.25, 0.34)		0.17 (−0.14, 0.49)

¹ β-coefficients (95% CI) derived from multivariable linear models. ² Energy-adjusted Dietary Inflammatory Index = E-DII; Dietary Inflammation Score = DIS; Higher E-DII or DIS indicate more proinflammatory diet. ³ ΔAge > 0 suggests accelerated biological aging of an organism compared to its chronological age, while Δage < 0 indicates decelerated biological aging. ⁴ Adjusted for age, sex, education (lower secondary, upper secondary, post-secondary), smoking (non-smoker, smoker, former), BMI, urban, housing (rent, one- or >1 dwelling ownership), leisure-time physical activity (METs h/d), CVD, cancer, diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, hormonal therapy, and menopausal status, when not stratified for. ⁵ Models for DIS were additionally adjusted by total energy.