Table 1.
Description of the sample and methods of the selected studies.
| Author | ARRIVE | Animal | nE | nC | Agent | Defect Location | T1 (w) | Antibiotic | Material | T2 (w) | Analysis |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Eitenmuller [59] | 5 | Mongrel dogs | 6 * | 6 * | S. aureus | Proximal tibial metaphysis | 3 | Povidone-iodine | Hydroxyapatite granules | 2, 4, 9, and 10 | GO; Hist; X-ray |
| Mongrel dogs | 6 * | 6 * | S. aureus | Proximal tibial metaphysis | 3 | Flucloxacillin | Hydroxyapatite granules | 2, 4, 9, and 10 | GO; Hist; X-ray | ||
| Dahners [58] | 13 | NZWR | 10 | 8 | S. aureus | Proximal tibial metaphysis | 2 | Gentamicin | Calcium sulfate | 5 | GO; Hist; Microb; X-ray |
| Cornell [32] | 15 | NZWR | 22 | 9 | S. aureus | Proximal tibial metaphysis | 3 | Gentamicin | Hydroxyapatite beads | 6 and 17 | GO; Microb; X-ray |
| Korkusuz [46] | 8 | S-D rats | 25 | 25 | S. aureus | Proximal tibial metaphysis | 7 | Gentamicin | Hydroxyapatite | 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 | Hist; Microb; X-ray |
| Itokazu [36] | 7.5 | Wistar rats | 21 | 21 | S. aureus | Proximal tibial metaphysis | 4 | Arbekacin | Hydroxyapatite blocks | 1, 3, 5, and 7 | Hist; X-ray |
| Nelson [19] | 11.5 | NZWR | 13 | 13 | S. aureus | Radial diaphysis | 4 | Tobramycin | Calcium sulfate pellets | 4 | Hist; Lab; Microb; X-ray |
| Shirtliff [49] | 10.5 | NZWR | 12 | 10 | MRSA | Proximal tibial metaphysis | 2 | Vancomycin | Hydroxyapatite cement | 4 | Microb; X-ray |
| Buxton [28] | 12 | S-D rats | 6 | 6 | S. aureus | Tibia diaphysis | 0 | Ciprofloxacin (1) | Calcium phosphate cement | 2 | GO; Lab |
| Joosten [40] | 13.5 | NZWR | 11 | 6 | MSSA | Proximal tibial metaphysis | 3 | Gentamicin | Hydroxyapatite cement | 3 | GO; Hist; Lab; Microb; X-ray |
| Stallmann [50] | 17 | NZWR | 7 | 8 | MSSA | Proximal femur | 0 | hLF1-11 | Hydroxyapatite cement | 3 | Hist; Lab; X-ray |
| NZWR | 6 | 8 | MSSA | Proximal femur | 0 | Gentamicin | Hydroxyapatite cement | 3 | Hist; Lab; X-ray | ||
| Faber [33] | 15.5 | NZWR | 8 | 6 | MRSA | Proximal tibial metaphysis | 3 | Gentamicin | Calcium phosphate cement | 3 | GO; Hist; Lab; Microb; X-ray |
| NZWR | 8 | 6 | MRSA | Proximal tibial metaphysis | 3 | hLF1-11 | Calcium phosphate cement | 3 | GO; Hist; Lab; Microb; X-ray | ||
| Joosten [41] | 13.5 | NZWR | 6 | 5 | S. aureus SCV | Proximal tibial metaphysis | 3 | Vancomycin | Hydroxyapatite cement | 3 and 6 | GO; Hist; Lab; Microb |
| NZWR | 7 | 6 | MRSA | Proximal tibial metaphysis | 3 | Vancomycin | Hydroxyapatite cement | 3 and 6 | GO; Hist; Lab; Microb | ||
| Koort [45] | 13.5 | NZWR | 9 | 5 | MSSA | Proximal tibial metaphysis | 2 | Ciprofloxacin | Microspheres of bioactive glass (2) | 6 | Hist; Microb; PET; pQCT; SEM; X-ray |
| Thomas [51] | 13 | Spanish goats | 12 | 12 | MSSA (3) | Proximal tibial metaphysis | 0 | Tobramycin | Calcium sulfate pellets | 3 | GO; Microb; X-ray |
| Hui [35] | 8.5 | NZWR | 6 | 6 | MSSA | Proximal tibial metaphysis | 2 | Gentamicin (4) | Calcium sulfate | 2 | GO; Microb; X-ray |
| NZWR | 6 | 6 | MSSA | Proximal tibial metaphysis | 2 | Gentamicin | Calcium sulfate | 2 | GO; Microb; X-ray | ||
| Kanellakopoulou [42] | 14 | NZWR | 36 | 18 | MRSA | Proximal tibial metaphysis | 3 | Moxifloxacin | Calcium sulfate (5) | 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 | Hist; Microb |
| Xie [52] | 17.5 | NZWR | 16 | 11 | MRSA | Proximal tibial metaphysis | 3 | Vancomycin | Borate glass pellets | 8 | GO; Hist; Lab; Microb; X-ray |
| Jia [37] | 16.5 | NZWR | 12 | 12 | MRSA | Proximal tibial metaphysis | 3 | Teicoplanin | Calcium sulfate paste | 6 | GO; Hist; Lab; Microb; X-ray |
| Jia [38] | 16.5 | NZWR | 14 | 14 | MRSA | Proximal tibial metaphysis | 4 | Teicoplanin | Borate glass pellets | 12 | GO; Hist; Lab; Microb; X-ray |
| Jiang [39] | 15 | NZWR | 20 | 20 | MRSA | Proximal tibial metaphysis | 3 | Vancomycin | Nanohydroxyapatite pellets | 1, 2, 3, 6, and 12 | GO; Hist; Microb; X-ray |
| Kaya [44] | 13 | NZWR | 7 | 7 | MRSA | Proximal tibial metaphysis | 3 | Tigecycline | Calcium hydroxyapatite cement | 3 | GO; Hist; Microb; X-ray |
| Huang [34] | 12 | NZWR | 12 | 12 | S. aureus (6) | Radial diaphysis | 0 | Vancomycin | Calcium phosphate cement (7) | 4, 8, and 12 | GO; Hist; X-ray |
| Beenken [27] | 11 | NZWR | 6 | 6 | MSSA | Radial diaphysis | 3 | Daptomycin | Calcium sulfate hemihydrate | 3 | Hist; Microb; X-ray |
| NZWR | 6 | 6 | MSSA | Radial diaphysis | 3 | Daptomycin | Calcium sulfate (8) | 3 | Hist; Microb; X-ray | ||
| Chung [31] | 12.5 | NZWR | 6 | 6 | MRSA | Tibia | 3 | Vancomycin (9) | Calcium phosphate cement | 3 | GO; Hist; Lab |
| NZWR | 6 | 6 | MRSA | Tibia | 3 | Vancomycin | Calcium phosphate cement | 3 | GO; Hist; Lab | ||
| Kankilic [43] | 15 | S-D rats | 10 | 12 | MRSA | Proximal tibial metaphysis | 3 | Vancomycin | β-tricalcium phosphate (10) | 1 and 6 | Hist; Microb; X-ray |
| S-D rats | 10 | 12 | MRSA | Proximal tibial metaphysis | 3 | Vancomycin (coated) | β-tricalcium phosphate (10) | 1 and 6 | Hist; Microb; X-ray | ||
| Yan [53] | 16.5 | NZWR | 8 | 8 | MSSA | Proximal tibial metaphysis | 4 | Rifapentine (11) | Bone-like hydroxyapatite scaffold (12) | 4 and 12 | GO; Hist; Lab; Microb; X-ray |
| Cao [29] | 8.5 | NZWR | 5 | 5 | MSSA | Proximal tibial metaphysis | (13) | Vancomycin (11) | Hydroxyapatite scaffold (12) | 4, 8, and 12 | GO; Hist; Lab; Microb; X-ray |
| NZWR | 5 | 5 | MRSA | Proximal tibial metaphysis | (13) | Vancomycin (11) | Bone-like hydroxyapatite (12)(14) | 4, 8, and 12 | GO; Hist; Lab; Microb; X-ray | ||
| Cao [30] | 13.5 | NZWR | 12 | 12 | MSSA | Proximal tibial metaphysis | (13) | Vancomycin | Bone-like hydroxyapatite (12) | NA | GO; Hist; Lab; Microb; X-ray |
| NZWR | 12 | 12 | MRSA | Proximal tibial metaphysis | (13) | Vancomycin | Bone-like hydroxyapatite (12) | NA | GO; Hist; Lab; Microb; X-ray | ||
| Lulu [47] | 15.5 | NZWR | 4 | 4 | S. aureus | Tibia midshaft | 0 | Tobramycin | Calcium phosphate beads | 4 | GO; Hist; Lab; Microb; X-ray |
| Melicherčík [48] | 16.5 | Wistar rats | 8 | 8 | MRSA | Femoral cavities | 1 | AMP | Calcium phosphate | 1 | X-ray |
| Egawa [54] | 18.0 | Wistar rats | 18 | 18 | MSSA | Distal femur | 1 | Cefazolin | Hydroxyapatite/collagen sponge | 1, 2, and 4 | GO; Hist; Micro-CT, Microb |
| Wistar rats | 18 | 18 | MSSA | Distal femur | 1 | Vancomycin | Hydroxyapatite/collagen sponge | 1, 2, and 4 | GO; Hist; Micro-CT, Microb | ||
| Hasan [55] | 16.5 | S-D rats | 5 | 12 | S. aureus | Proximal tibial metaphysis | 0 | Vancomycin and rifampicin | Hydroxyapatite (15) | 10 | GO; Hist; Microb; X-ray |
| S-D rats | 3 | 3 | S. aureus | Proximal tibial metaphysis | 0 | Vancomycin and rifampicin | Hydroxyapatite (15) | 6 | GO; Hist; Microb; X-ray | ||
| Liu [57] | 15.5 | NZWR | 10 | 10 | MSSA | Proximal tibial metaphysis | (13) | Vancomycin | Platelet-lysate/nano-hydroxiapatite | 1, 2, 3, 6, and 12 | Hist; X-ray |
| Dvorzhinskiy [56] | 18.5 | S-D Rats | 32 | 20 | S. aureus | Proximal tibial metaphysis | 3 | Gentamicin | Hydroxyapatite/CaS | 6 and 26 | GO; Hist; Micro-CT; Microb |
nE: number of animals in experimental group; nC: number of animals in control group; T1 (w): time to induce osteomyelitis (weeks); T2 (w): time between bioceramic implantation and endpoint (weeks); NZWR: New Zealand White rabbit; S–D rats: Sprague–Dawley rats; GO: gross observation; Hist: histhology; Lab: laboratory blood tests; Microb: microbiological tests; PET: positron emission tomography; pQCT: peripheral quantitative computed tomography; Micro-CT: micro-computed tomography; MRSA: methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus; MSSA: methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus; SCV: small colony variant; PLGA: poly(D,L-lactic-co-glycolic acid); NA: data not available; AMP: antimicrobial peptides (AMP) consisting of 12 amino acid residues (H-Gly-Lys-Trp-Met-Lys-Leu-Leu-Lys-Lys-Ile-Leu-Lys-NH2). (*) Each animal was subjected to the preparation of three infected cavities. One was treated with the biomaterial with antibiotic while in the other two, the same material without antibiotics was used. The same animal thus belonged to both the experimental and control groups. (1) linked to methyldiphosphonate; (2) linked to Racemic poly(DL)-lactide (PDLLA); (3) resistant to streptomycin-modified MSSA; (4) lipossomal; (5) synthetic crystallic semihydrate form; (6) ATCC28923 subspecies reported in this paper does not correspond to S. aureus spp; (7) containing 2 mg of icariin; (8) coated with chitosan; (9) pH-responsive hollow PLGA microspheres; (10) with poly-L-lactic acid; (11) loaded PLGA microspheres; (12) with poly(amino acid); (13) information not available (original paper refers to another paper published in Chinese); (14) with incorporated Poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA) microspheres; (15) over a calcium carbonate core.