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Schematic diagram of λ-red recombination technique: (a) Gam protein inhibits the activity of Rec BCD exonuclease; (b) Exo protein creates a stretch of single-stranded DNA at the 3′ end; (c) Beta proteins bind here, facilitating annealing interactions between the donor DNA fragment and the homologous sequence of the target site; (d) homologous recombination is complete with the replication of DNA.
