Table 2.
Procedural characteristics in patients with and without INLAP.
| All (n = 381) | INLAP (n = 133) |
No INLAP (n = 248) |
p-Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| INRAP, n (%) | 55 (31.2) | 51 (73.9) | 4 (3.7) | < 0.001 |
| RA pressure | ||||
| Inspiration period, mmHg | 1.2 ± 9.3 | −6.2 ± 9.9 | 6.1 ± 4.5 | < 0.001 |
| Expiration period, mmHg | 11.4 ± 5.6 | 12.0 ± 7.0 | 11.1 ± 4.5 | 0.273 |
| LA pressure | ||||
| Inspiration period, mmHg | 1.5 ± 10.4 | −10.1 ± 8.0 | 7.8 ± 4.4 | < 0.001 |
| Expiration period, mmHg | 15.9 ± 6.5 | 17.9 ± 7.3 | 14.9± 5.8 | < 0.001 |
| IVC pressure | ||||
| Inspiration period, mmHg | 5.8 ± 5.8 | 2.8 ± 6.8 | 7.9 ± 3.9 | < 0.001 |
| Expiration period, mmHg | 11.2 ± 6.0 | 11.5 ± 7.7 | 11.0 ± 4.5 | 0.539 |
| Low voltage zones, n (%) | 77 (20.2) | 33 (24.8) | 44 (17.7) | 0.101 |
| Type of ablation technology | ||||
| Radiofrequency catheters, n (%) | 106 (27.8) | 43 (32.3) | 63 (25.4) | 0.150 |
| Cryoballoons and laser balloons, n (%) | 275 (72.2) | 90 (67.7) | 185 (74.6) | 0.150 |
| Additional ablation, n (%) | ||||
| CTI, n (%) | 179 (47.0) | 50 (37.6) | 129 (52.0) | 0.007 |
| Bottom line, n (%) | 123 (32.3) | 39 (29.3) | 84 (33.9) | 0.365 |
| Mitral isthmus, n (%) | 25 (6.6) | 4 (3.0) | 21 (8.5) | 0.040 |
| Complications | ||||
| Air embolism, n (%) | 4 (1.0) | 4 (3.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0.014 |
| Diaphragmatic paralysis, n (%) | 9 (2.4) | 4 (3.1) | 5 (2.0) | 0.725 |
| Bleeding from puncture site, n (%) | 6 (1.6) | 2 (1.5) | 4 (1.6) | 1.000 |
| Cardiac tamponade, n (%) | 7 (1.8) | 5 (3.8) | 2 (0.8) | 0.053 |
| Sedation level | ||||
| RASS | −4.0 (−4.0–−5.0) | −4.0 (−4.0–−5.0) | −4.0 (−4.0–−4.0) | 0.131 |
| BIS | 57.0 (48.0–70.0) | 58.5 (50.8–73.0) | 56.0 (47.0–68.0) | 0.098 |
| Procedure time, minute | 207.3 ± 83.8 | 208.5 ± 81.2 | 206.6 ± 85.3 | 0.834 |
| Fluoroscopic time, minute | 53.4 ± 34.8 | 50.5 ± 32.4 | 54.9 ± 35.9 | 0.234 |
Data are presented as mean ± SD, median (IQR), or number (%). Abbreviations: BIS, bispectral index; CBs, cryoballoons; CTI, cavotricuspid isthmus line; INLAP, inspiration-induced negative left atrial pressure; INRAP, inspiration-induced negative right atrial pressure; IQR, interquartile range; IVC, inferior vena cava; RASS, Richmond Agitation–Sedation Scale; SD, standard deviation.