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. 2023 Mar 22;15(3):1029. doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15031029

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© 2023 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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The signaling mechanism of the cardioprotective effect of apelins. Akt, protein kinase B; APJ, apelin receptor; EGRF, epidermal growth factor receptor; ERK1/2, extracellular regulated kinase; GC, guanylyl cyclase; GP, glutathione peroxidase; GSK-3β, glycogen synthase kinase-3β; MMP, matrix metalloproteinase; MPTP, mitochondrial permeability transition pore; NOS, NO-synthase; PI3, phosphoinositide-3-kinase; PKC, protein kinase C; PLC, phospholipase C; SOD, superoxide dismutase; Src, protooncogene, non-receptor tyrosine kinase.