Table 1.
Microorganism | QSI | Target | Type of Study | Mechanism | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lb. reuteri LR 21 | Reuterin | C. perfringens 13124 | In vitro | Repression of toxins-producing genes (cpa and pfo) and agrB and luxS. | [17] |
Lb. acidophilus GP1B | CE/CFS |
C. difficile
(ribotype 027) |
In vitro | Inhibition of AI-2 production and downregulation of luxS and tcdA, tcdB, and txeR (virulence genes). Growth inhibition of C. difficile in the colon. |
[18] |
Lb. fermentum Lim2 | Inactivated CE | C. difficile 027 | In vitro | Anti AI-2 activity due to repression of lux gene. Expression of virulence genes also reduced. QSIs are not measured. | [19] |
Lb. reuteri RC-14 | CFS | Staph. aureus MN8 | In vitro | Cyclo-dipeptides inhibited the expression of agr and tst genes as well as disrupting saeRS system. | [20] |
B. subtilis | Fengycin | Staph. aureus | Cross-sectional analysis (Thai population) |
Fengycin competes with AIP for binding to agrC. | [21] |
Lb. helveticus | Biosurfactant | Staph. aureus | In vitro | Inhibition of biofilm formation by interfering with AI-2 signaling and biofilm-related genes expression (dltB, sarA, agrA, and icdA). | [22] |
In vivo | Prevention of hemolytic activity through biofilm formation inhibition. | ||||
Lb. plantarum KCTC10887BP | LPA | Staph. aureus | In vitro | Biofilm formation was inhibited. LPA induced AI-2 release in Staph. Aureus, which repressed biofilm-related genes. | [23] |
Lb. acidophillus 30SC | N/A | E. coli O157:H7 43894 | In vivo | Inhibition of AI-2 synthesis and modulation of microbial gut community. | [24] |
Lb. rhamnosus GG microcapsules | N/A | E. coli | In vitro | Repression of lsrK and luxS genes (disruption in AI-2/luxS-typeQS network). | [13] |
Lb. acidophilus A4 | EPS | E. coli O157:H7 | In vitro | Repression levels of curli genes (crl, csgA, and csgB) and chemotaxis (cheY) related to biofilm formation. | [25] |
Bifidobacterium longum ATCC15707 | CE | E. coli O157:H7 | In vitro | Inhibition of AI-2 activity and virulence gene expression (NifU, DsbA, and FlgI). | [26] |
Lb. acidophilus A4 | N/A | E. coli (EHEC) | In vitro | Downregulation of biofilm-related genes (crl, csgA, and csgB) and chemotaxis (cheY). | [27] |
Lb. brevis 3M004 | N/A | P. aeruginosa PA002 biofilm formation | In vitro | Degradation of AIs and repression of biofilm formation, pyocyanin, and polysaccharide synthesis-related genes (lasA, lasB, and PhzAB). | [28] |
Lb. casei CRL 431 Lb. acidophilus CRL 730 |
DKPs | P. aeruginosa | In vitro | DKPs compete with AI for binding QS receptors. | [29] |
Lb. rhamnosus GG | CFS | P. aeruginosa | In vitro | Inhibition of AHL synthesis. | [30] |
Lb. casei PTCC 1608 | Lyophilized postbiotics | P. aeruginosa | In vitro | Repression of QS genes controlling biofilm formation and virulence (rhlI, rhlR, and pelf), potentially due to organic acid content. | [31] |
B. subtilis BR4 | Stigmatellin Y | P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27853) | In vitro | Stigmatellin Y competes with PQS signal for binding with PqsR gene, and thus, PqsR-PQS QS pathway is disrupted. | [32] |
B. paralicheniformis ZP1 | Lactonase | P. aeruginosa | In vitro | Inhibition of biofilm formation due to AHL hydrolysis by lactonase. | [33] |
B. subtilis KATMIRA1933 | Subtilisin |
L. monocytogenes biofilm formation E. coli biofilm formation |
In vitro | Inhibition of proton motive forces and efflux pumps. | [34] |
Lb. plantarum C2 | N/A |
E. coli DSM 30083 Enterobacter aerogenes DSM 30053 Yersinia enterolitica DSM 4780 Leuconostoc lactis 20202 Ent. durans DSM 20633 B. megaterium F6 |
In vitro | Antibacterial activity by plantaricin produced through QS mechanism. (AI not measured). | [11] |
Lb. plantarum KU200656 | CFS |
Staph. aureus Listeria monocytogenes E. coli S. Typhimurium |
In vitro | Biofilm-related genes are downregulated by anti-biofilm activity. (Exact QSI mechanism is not measured). | [35] |
Lb.
kefiri
8321 and 83113 Lb. plantarum 83114 |
CFS | S. Enteritidis 115 | In vitro | Biofilm formation inhibition. (QSI mechanism not investigated). | [36] |
B. subtilis KATMIRA1933 B. amyloliquefaciens B-1895 |
CE/CFS | S. (Thompson, Enteritidis phage type 4, and Hadar) | In vitro | Biofilm inhibition due to the subtilosin effect. AI/luxS QS pathway is necessary for biofilm formation. | [37] |
W. viridescens
WM33 W. confusa WM36 (LAB) |
CFS | S. Typhi and S. Typhimurium | In vitro | Inhibition of AI-2 activity and biofilm formation. | [38] |
Lb. reuteri PFS4 Ent. faecium PFS13 and PFS14. |
CFS | S. Typhimurium and S. Enteritidis | In vitro | Inhibition of biofilm formation. (Mechanism not investigated). | [39] |
Lb. coryniformis NA-3 | EPS |
B. cereus and S. Typhimurium |
In vitro | Inhibition of biofilm formation. (Mechanism not investigated). | [40] |
B. subtilis ZK3814 | Fengycin and surfactin | Ent. faecalis OG1RF | In vitro | Inhibition of fsr system, which regulates expression of proteolytic activity related-genes (gelE/sprE). | [41] |
Pd. pentosaceus | Crude biosurfactant |
B. subtilis
andStaph. aureus P. aeruginosa, Staph. aureus, and E. coli |
In vitro | Anti-QS and anti-biofilm activity. | [42] |
Lb. curvatus BSF206 and Pd. pentosaceus AC1-2 | CFS | Str. mutans | In vitro | Biofilm formation inhibition by downregulation of related genes (tfA, gtfB, ftf, and brpA). (Exact mechanism not known). | [43] |
Lb. paragasseri MJM60645 | Crude extract | Str. mutans | In vitro |
Downregulation of biofilm-associated genes (gtfB, gtfC, gtfD, gbpB, brpA, spaP, ftf, and smu0630) by iminosugar, a novel chemical compound produced. |
[44] |
Lb. rhamnosus GG | Biosurfactant | Str. mutans | In vitro | Anti-biofilm activity due to downregulation of biofilm-related genes (gtfB/C and ftf). | [45] |
Lb. plantarum K41 | N/A | Str. mutans | In vitro and in vivo | Inhibition of biofilm formation by inhibition of exopolysaccharide production. | [46] |
Lb. casei MCJΔ1 (expressed with AHL-lactonase AiiK gene) | Lactonase | Aeromonas hydrophila | In vitro | Enzymatic QQ activity of lactonase. | [47] |
Lb. curvatus B.67 and Lb. plantarum M.2 | Postbiotics | L. monocytogenes | In vitro | Repression of biofilm-related genes (flaA, fbp, agrA, prfA, and hlyA). | [48] |
Lb. curvatus CRL1579 | Lactocin | L. monocytogenes | In vitro | QSI mechanism not investigated. | [49] |
B. subtilis-9 | N/A | E. coli (ETEC), S. Typhimurium, Staph. aureus (MSRA) | In vitro | Biofilm inhibition in a cell-to-cell contact manner. Biofilm-related genes were repressed in ETEC (bssS, luxS, and ihfB). | [50] |
Lb. paracasei L10 | CFS | V. parahaemolyticus | In vitro | Biofilm formation significantly inhibited. (Mechanism not investigated). | [51] |
Lb. plantarum LRCC 5193 | LPA | Str. mutans, E. faecalis, and Str. Gordonii | In vitro | Biofilm formation inhibition. (QSI mechanism is suggested but not investigated). | [52] |
Lb. kefiranofaciens DD2 | CFS | Str. mutans and Str. sobrinus | In vitro | Antibiofilm activity through repression biofilm-associated genes (ftf, comDE, brpA, and vicR). |
[53] |
Lb: Lactobacillus; C.: Clostridium; Staph.: Staphylococcus; L.: Listeria; B.: Bacillus; P.: Pseudomonas; Ent.: Enterococcus; Str.: Streptococcus; Pd.: Pediococcus; V.: Vibrio; W.: Weissella; CE: cell extract; CFS: cell-free supernatant; LPA: lipoteichoic acid; N/A: not available; EPS: exopolysaccharides; SaeRS: two-component signaling system; DKP: diketopiperazine; AI: autoinducer; QQ: quorum quenching; PQS: Pseudomonas quinolone signal; BIC: biofilm inhibitory compound; QSI: QS inhibitor.