Table 1.

Demographic characteristics of studies.

Publication	Country	Quality Assessment	Number of Participants	Age	Gender	Frequency of Halitosis
Colussi et al. (2017) [22]	Brazil	Good	736	15–19 years old	56.1% females	40.0%
Mumena et al. (2015) [23]	Rwanda	Fair	354	23.5 mean age	48.6% females	23.1%
Alade et al. (2020) [24]	Nigeria	Good	361	14.1 mean age	59.6% females	32.7%
Deolia et al. (2018) [25]	India	Excellent	200	18–25 years old	N/A	77.5%
Miotto et al. (2020) [26]	Brazil	Fair	680	15–19 years old	59.8% females	43.0%
Rani, Puranil & Uma (2022) [27]	India	Good	320	21.5 mean age	40.6% females	51.9%