Table 2.

Nutrient and meal intake of study participants based on the quartiles of nightly fasting duration in Korean adults.

	Men (n = 9683)					Women (n = 13,002)
	Nightly Fasting Duration				p Value (1)	Nightly Fasting Duration				p Value
	Q1 (Lowest)	Q2	Q3	Q4 (Highest)		Q1 (Lowest)	Q2	Q3	Q4 (Highest)
	(n = 2680)	(n = 1954)	(n = 2728)	(n = 2321)		(n = 3524)	(n = 3073)	(n = 3627)	(n = 2778)
Energy, kcal/day	2324 ± 18	2207 ± 22	2070 ± 18	1919 ± 21	<0.0001	1748 ± 13	1682 ± 12	1600 ± 12	1458 ± 14	<0.0001
Nutrient intake
Energy from carbohydrates, %	61.8 ± 0.2	63.5 ± 0.3	63.3 ± 0.3	60.0 ± 0.3	<0.0001	64.4 ± 0.2	65.2 ± 0.3	64.4 ± 0.2	61.4 ± 0.3	<0.0001
Energy from protein, %	15.9 ± 0.1	15.4 ± 0.1	15.8 ± 0.1	16.5 ± 0.1	<0.0001	14.8 ± 0.1	14.7 ± 0.1	15.0 ± 0.1	15.3 ± 0.1	0.0001
Energy from fats, %	22.3 ± 0.2	21.1 ± 0.3	20.9 ± 0.2	23.6 ± 0.3	<0.0001	20.8 ± 0.2	20.1 ± 0.2	20.7 ± 0.2	23.3 ± 0.2	<0.0001
Dietary fiber, g/day	28.6 ± 0.3	28.8 ± 0.4	27.2 ± 0.3	22.3 ± 0.3	<0.0001	25.4 ± 0.3	24.7 ± 0.3	22.8 ± 0.3	18.7 ± 0.3	<0.0001
Meal intake
Energy from main meals, %	77.5 ± 0.4	83.0 ± 0.4	85.6 ± 0.3	85.8 ± 0.3	<0.0001	75.9 ± 0.3	80.6 ± 0.4	82.6 ± 0.3	83.0 ± 0.3	<0.0001
Energy from breakfast, %	16.2 ± 0.3	18.4 ± 0.3	19.0 ± 0.3	11.2 ± 0.4	<0.0001	18.7 ± 0.3	20.4 ± 0.3	20.1 ± 0.3	13.0 ± 0.4	<0.0001
Energy from lunch, %	28.1 ± 0.3	30.4 ± 0.4	30.9 ± 0.4	33.4 ± 0.5	<0.0001	28.7 ± 0.3	30.2 ± 0.3	30.4 ± 0.3	34.0 ± 0.5	<0.0001
Energy from dinner, %	33.2 ± 0.4	34.1 ± 0.4	35.6 ± 0.4	41.1 ± 0.5	<0.0001	28.5 ± 0.3	29.9 ± 0.3	32.1 ± 0.3	36.0 ± 0.5	<0.0001
Energy from snacks, %	22.5 ± 0.4	17.0 ± 0.4	14.4 ± 0.3	14.2 ± 0.4	<0.0001	24.1 ± 0.3	19.4 ± 0.4	17.4 ± 0.3	17.0 ± 0.4	<0.0001

KNHANES, Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey; Q, quartile. Data are presented as means ± standard errors (SEs) or numbers (weighted %). ⁽¹⁾ p values were calculated using the chi-squared test for categorical variables and multiple linear regressions for continuous variables.