Table 3.
Dietary behaviors of study participants based on quartiles of nightly fasting duration in Korean adults.
| Men (n = 9683) | Women (n = 13,002) | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nightly Fasting Duration | p Value (1) | Nightly Fasting Duration | p Value | |||||||
| Q1 (Lowest) |
Q2 | Q3 | Q4 (Highest) |
Q1 (Lowest) |
Q2 | Q3 | Q4 (Highest) |
|||
| (n = 2680) | (n = 1954) | (n = 2728) | (n = 2321) | (n = 3524) | (n = 3073) | (n = 3627) | (n = 2778) | |||
| Dietary behaviors | ||||||||||
| Eating episodes, times/d | 6.3 ± 0.05 | 5.9 ± 0.05 | 5.1 ± 0.04 | 4.0 ± 0.04 | <0.0001 | 6.2 ± 0.03 | 5.5 ± 0.03 | 4.9 ± 0.02 | 3.9 ± 0.03 | <0.0001 |
| Main meal episodes, times/d | 2.7 ± 0.01 | 2.8 ± 0.01 | 2.7 ± 0.01 | 2.2 ± 0.01 | <0.0001 | 2.7 ± 0.01 | 2.8 ± 0.01 | 2.7 ± 0.01 | 2.2 ± 0.01 | <0.0001 |
| Snack episodes, times/d | 3.6 ± 0.05 | 3.1 ± 0.04 | 2.4 ± 0.04 | 1.7 ± 0.03 | <0.0001 | 3.4 ± 0.03 | 2.8 ± 0.03 | 2.3 ± 0.03 | 1.7 ± 0.03 | <0.0001 |
| Nightly fasting duration, h | 8.1 ± 0.1 | 11.1 ± 0.01 | 12.5 ± 0.01 | 15.6 ± 0.1 | <0.0001 | 9.4 ± 0.04 | 11.9 ± 0.01 | 13.4 ± 0.01 | 16.1 ± 0.04 | <0.0001 |
| Time of first eating episode, h | 5.5 ± 0.1 | 7.6 ± 0.03 | 8.4 ± 0.04 | 10.8 ± 0.1 | <0.0001 | 6.6 ± 0.05 | 8.0 ± 0.03 | 8.8 ± 0.03 | 10.8 ± 0.05 | <0.0001 |
| Time of last eating episode, h | 21.4 ± 0.03 | 20.5 ± 0.04 | 19.8 ± 0.04 | 19.2 ± 0.05 | <0.0001 | 21.2 ± 0.03 | 20.1 ± 0.03 | 19.4 ± 0.03 | 18.7 ± 0.04 | <0.0001 |
| Energy in the morning (05:00 to 9:00 a.m.), % | 15.7 ± 0.3 | 18.0 ± 0.4 | 17.4 ± 0.4 | 7.2 ± 0.3 | <0.0001 | 18.9 ± 0.3 | 19.2 ± 0.3 | 16.9 ± 0.3 | 6.5 ± 0.3 | <0.0001 |
| Energy in the evening (06:00 to 9:00 p.m.), % | 30.5 ± 0.4 | 34.5 ± 0.5 | 35.3 ± 0.4 | 37.1 ± 0.6 | <0.0001 | 28.3 ± 0.4 | 31.3 ± 0.4 | 31.2 ± 0.4 | 31.8 ± 0.6 | <0.0001 |
| Energy in the night (after 9:00 p.m.), % | 14.9 ± 0.4 | 5.2 ± 0.3 | 3.8 ± 0.3 | 3.9 ± 0.3 | <0.0001 | 9.0 ± 0.3 | 3.2 ± 0.2 | 2.6 ± 0.2 | 2.0 ± 0.2 | <0.0001 |
| Energy from foods consumed outside the home, % | 50.3 ± 0.8 | 42.4 ± 0.9 | 38.9 ± 0.8 | 39.0 ± 0.9 | <0.0001 | 34.7 ± 0.6 | 30.7 ± 0.7 | 29.1 ± 0.7 | 33.0 ± 0.9 | <0.0001 |
KNHANES, Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey; Q, quartile. Data are presented as means ± standard errors (SEs) or numbers (%). (1) p values were calculated using the chi-squared test for categorical variables and multiple linear regressions for continuous variables.