Table 5.
Adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals of type 2 diabetes mellitus based on meal timing in Korean adults.
| Men (n = 9683) | Women (n = 13,002) | |
|---|---|---|
| Cases (n) | 1634 | 1631 |
| First mealtime | ||
| <09:00 a.m. (n = 14,788) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| ≥09:00 a.m. (n = 7897) | 0.91 (0.77–1.08) (1) | 0.96 (0.81–1.14) |
| Last mealtime | ||
| <09:00 p.m. (n = 14,853) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| ≥09:00 p.m. (n = 7832) | 1.18 (1.02–1.37) | 1.20 (1.02–1.40) |
| Energy in the morning (05:00 to 9:00 a.m.) | ||
| None (n = 6410) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| <25% (n = 8698) | 1.09 (0.90–1.32) | 0.93 (0.75–1.15) |
| ≥25% (n = 7577) | 1.09 (0.88–1.35) | 1.10 (0.90–1.35) |
| Energy in the evening (06:00 to 9:00 p.m.) | ||
| None (n = 2563) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| <40% (n = 13,027) | 1.35 (1.06–1.71) | 1.38 (1.12–1.71) |
| ≥40% (n = 7095) | 1.40 (1.08–1.83) | 1.32 (1.02–1.70) |
| Energy at night (after 9:00 p.m.) | ||
| None (n = 17,038) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| <25% (n = 4012) | 1.14 (0.95–1.37) | 1.14 (0.93–1.40) |
| ≥25% (n = 1635) | 0.89 (0.68–1.18) | 1.61 (1.13–2.30) |
KNHANES, Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval. (1) Adjusted odds ratio (95% confidence interval). The multivariable-adjusted model was adjusted for age (years, continuous), educational level (elementary school, middle school, high school, or college), household income level (lower middle, middle, upper middle, or highest), household type (single-person or multi-person), alcohol consumption (none, moderate, or high), smoking status (never, past, or current), regular physical activity (yes or no), and body mass index (kg/m2, continuous).